Mode of Action of Phenothiazine-Type Antioxidants

Murphy, Casey M.; Ravner, H.; Smith, Nathan L.

doi:10.1021/ie50492a027

Cited by 63 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The antioxidative and neuroprotective effects of phenothiazine in vitro have been shown to depend on the unique reactivity of the NH-bond, which undergoes homolytic dissociation in the presence of attacking radicals at high velocity, resulting in the very stable phenothiazinyl radical [19][20][21]. By this mechanism, phenothiazine is a very effective free-radical chain breaker and thus, inhibitor of lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation [11,[20][21][22].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The antioxidative, non-psychoactive tricyclic phenothiazine reduces brain damage after experimental traumatic brain injury in mice

Songarj

Luh

Staib-Lasarzik

et al. 2015

Neuroscience Letters

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The antioxidative, non-psychoactive tricyclic phenothiazine reduces brain damage after experimental traumatic brain injury in mice

Songarj

Luh

Staib-Lasarzik

et al. 2015

Neuroscience Letters

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“…Since 1940s, phenothiazine has been used as an antioxidant for preventing oxidative changes in polyethylene oils (Murphy et al , 1950). The neuroprotective effect of phenothiazine and some of its derivatives have been explored since 1990s (Yu et al , 1992a; Yu et al , 1992b).…”

Section: Energy Metabolism and Cancersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alternative mitochondrial electron transfer for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and cancers: Methylene blue connects the dots

Yang

Sumien

et al. 2017

Progress in Neurobiology

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Brain has exceptional high requirement for energy metabolism with glucose as the exclusive energy source. Decrease of brain energy metabolism and glucose uptake has been found in patients of Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and other neurodegenerative diseases, providing a clear link between neurodegenerative disorders and energy metabolism. On the other hand, cancers, including glioblastoma, have increased glucose uptake and rely on aerobic glycolysis for energy metabolism. The switch of high efficient oxidative phosphorylation to low efficient aerobic glycolysis pathway (Warburg effect) provides macromolecule for biosynthesis and proliferation. Current research indicate that methylene blue, a century old drug, can receive electron from NADH in the presence of complex I and donates it to cytochrome C, providing an alternative electron transfer pathway. Methylene blue increases oxygen consumption, decrease glycolysis, and increases glucose uptake in vitro. Methylene blue enhances glucose uptake and regional cerebral blood flow in rats upon acute treatment. In addition, methylene blue provides protective effect in neuron and astrocyte against various insults in vitro and in rodent models of Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s disease. In glioblastoma cells, methylene blue reverses Warburg effect by enhancing mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, arrests glioma cell cycle at s-phase, and inhibits glioma cell proliferation. Accordingly, methylene blue activates AMP-activated protein kinase, inhibits downstream acetyl-coA carboxylase and cyclin-dependent kinases. In summary, there is accumulating evidence providing a proof of concept that enhancement of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation via alternative mitochondrial electron transfer may offer protective action against neurodegenerative diseases and inhibit cancers proliferation.

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“…At 175' C., only the latter compound provides reasonable antioxidant action, although insoluble deposits are evident. A study of the inhibition mechanism of phenothiazines in diester liquids has been r e ported (30).…”

Section: High Temperature Oxidation Lnhlbitors For Estersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aliphatic Esters - Properties and Lubricant Applications

Cohen¹,

Murphy²,

O’Rear³

et al. 1953

Ind. Eng. Chem.

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N 1942 this laboratory undertook a basic investigation of the I problems involved in low temperature instrument lubrication.The results obtained using aliphatic diesters as lubricants have been reported (1-5, 6, 7,16, 25). It was found that a number of aliphatic branched-chain diesters possessed the requisite properties, for not only the lubrication of instruments but also many other military applications in aircraft and ordnance equipment. During the corresponding period, a German research group under the leadership of Zorn (58) investigated independently the use of esters as special-purpose lubricants and concluded that several branched-chain aliphatic esters were outstanding. Their work was later reviewed by Tingle (56) and by Horne (18).Since World War 11, a variety of special lubrication problems have arisen which increased interest in synthetic lubricants. Aircraft gas turbines, for example, require oils capable of providing adequate lubrication from temperatures of -65" to about 275" F. with temperatures on shutdown as high as 500" F. for intervals of 1 or 2 hours. Military automotive equipment is required t o operate a t what m-ere formerly considered prohibitively low temperatures (19). At high altitudes or in winter, machine guns and automatic cannon frequently could not be made to f i e because of congealed lubricants (56). Synthetic ester lubricants have received increasing application where petroleum lubricants cannot function satisfactorily. Therefore, this laboratory has endeavored, through its own research and through encouragement of industry, to extend the supplies of such lubricants by locating additional sources of native raw materials for their production and by developing new classes of esters (27). This report summarizes the progress since earlier publications (3, 6).Certain generalizations relating the structures of hydrocarbons to their viscometric properties were found valid for esters (6, 6, 8 25, 32, 32). These researches resulted in structural guides which reduced substantially the number of compounds required for synthesis and study. It was found that the high viscosity indexes of long-chain molecules are due to their ability to coil and uncoil reversibly with variations in temperatures ( I d , 31, 32).Such coiling is possible because of the freedom of rotation about the chemical bonds in the principal chain. Branching restricts the rotational freedom about these bonds and also increases the ratio of cross section to length of the molecule, both effects contributing to smaller viscosity indexes. Unbranched diesters have slightly lower viscosity indexes than the analogous hydrocarbons because the carbonyl oxygen behaves as a short branch chain.Unusual surface active properties-viz., ability to adsorb and orient at the solid-liquid interface, forming good wear-preventive f i l m e w e r e attributed to the diesters by Zorn (58). Brophy and Zisman (8) showed that the wear-preventive and rust-inhibiting properties of diesters were caused by the presence of impurities, as the pure compoun...

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Mode of Action of Phenothiazine-Type Antioxidants

Cited by 63 publications

References 3 publications

The antioxidative, non-psychoactive tricyclic phenothiazine reduces brain damage after experimental traumatic brain injury in mice

The antioxidative, non-psychoactive tricyclic phenothiazine reduces brain damage after experimental traumatic brain injury in mice

Alternative mitochondrial electron transfer for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and cancers: Methylene blue connects the dots

Aliphatic Esters - Properties and Lubricant Applications

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