Mode of Action of Lactoperoxidase as Related to Its Antimicrobial Activity: A Review

Abstract

Lactoperoxidase is a member of the family of the mammalian heme peroxidases which have a broad spectrum of activity. Their best known effect is their antimicrobial activity that arouses much interest in in vivo and in vitro applications. In this context, the proper use of lactoperoxidase needs a good understanding of its mode of action, of the factors that favor or limit its activity, and of the features and properties of the active molecules. The first part of this review describes briefly the classification of mammalian peroxidases and their role in the human immune system and in host cell damage. The second part summarizes present knowledge on the mode of action of lactoperoxidase, with special focus on the characteristics to be taken into account for in vitro or in vivo antimicrobial use. The last part looks upon the characteristics of the active molecule produced by lactoperoxidase in the presence of thiocyanate and/or iodide with implication(s) on its antimicrobial activity.

Impact of Dental Plaque Biofilms in Periodontal Disease: Management and Future Therapy

“…Lactoferrin also provides fungicidal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory functions [31][32][33]. The lactoperoxidase-thiocyanate system in saliva has been shown to be bactericidal on some strains of Lactobacillus and Streptococcus by preventing the accumulation of lysine and glutamic acid, both of which being essential for bacterial growth [34,35]. The histatins, a family of histidine-rich peptides, have antimicrobial activity against some strains of Streptococcus mutans and inhibit hemagglutination activity of the periodontopathogenic P. gingivallis.…”

Wundbehandlung mit Enzym-Alginogelen

“…Derantibakterielle EffektdesLPS wurde für zahlreiche Bakterienstämme sowie für Biofilme beschrieben [2,5,21]. Er ist jedoch nicht selektiv für Pathogene, sondern greift auch das erwünschte Mikrobi- Results.…”

Evaluation of the Use of Sodium Thiocyanate and Sodium Percarbonate in the Activation of the Lactoperoxidase System in the Conservation of Raw Milk without Refrigeration in the Ecuadorian Tropics

“…Members of the mammalian enzyme family heme peroxidase can detoxify peroxide, afford protection against pathogenic microorganisms and even induce hormone production in the thyroid gland [5]. Lactoperoxidase (LA) is a natural enzyme found in raw milk [2] considered a glycoprotein that contains calcium and iron available in a single polypeptide chain spanning approximately 80 kDa [5] which belongs to the superfamily hemoperoxidase of mammals whose other members include myeloperoxidase (MPO), eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) and thyroid peroxidase (TPO); it possesses a hemo-group attached to a protein via two or three covalent bonds [6]; it is considered a milk hemoprotein whose function is to act as a protector protein (although it is not considered an immu-noglobulin) due to its strong antimicrobial activity [7].…”

“…Lactoperoxidase (LA) is a natural enzyme found in raw milk [2] considered a glycoprotein that contains calcium and iron available in a single polypeptide chain spanning approximately 80 kDa [5] which belongs to the superfamily hemoperoxidase of mammals whose other members include myeloperoxidase (MPO), eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) and thyroid peroxidase (TPO); it possesses a hemo-group attached to a protein via two or three covalent bonds [6]; it is considered a milk hemoprotein whose function is to act as a protector protein (although it is not considered an immu-noglobulin) due to its strong antimicrobial activity [7]. LA, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide or sodium percarbonate, catalyzes the reaction of sulfocyanide (also naturally found in milk), which has a bacteriostatic over the majority of bacteria, and even a bactericidal effect in some cases [2], as was confirmed in three strains of Escherichia coli K12 [8], and even with antiviral activities [7].…”

“…The median concentration varies between 20 and 30 mg/kg, rendering it innocuous [5] [9]. In Latin America, there have been laboratory studies and field tests of the activation of the LP-system (lactoperoxidase-thiocyanate-peroxide of hydrogren) in order to preserve milk through the reduction of the bacterial load and consequently avoid its decomposition and subsequent rejection [10].…”