“…It can be observed that for the GF, HF, and CF samples, the fracture occurred mainly in the polymer matrix rather than at the matrix-fiber interface, indicating a greater adhesion of these fibers compared to AF, where the main failure occurred due to fiber tearing, as shown by the frayed fiber ends in Fig. 9 d. The results of the images are in agreement with the findings of Montenegro et al [ 10 ], where the same fracture pattern was observed for the studied PU composite with GF under study. Fig.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 90%
“…FRP composites are typically prepared with thermoset resins [ 9 ]. Furthermore, adding carbon [ 3 , 5 ] and glass [ 10 ] in these structures has significantly improved flexural strength.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Montenegro et al compared the fracture toughness of unidirectional glass fiber-reinforced composites with the ductile PU polymer matrix with epoxy resin, both thermoset materials [ 10 ]. The study was based on the nonlinear regime of fracture mechanics and focused on ductile materials.…”
“…It can be observed that for the GF, HF, and CF samples, the fracture occurred mainly in the polymer matrix rather than at the matrix-fiber interface, indicating a greater adhesion of these fibers compared to AF, where the main failure occurred due to fiber tearing, as shown by the frayed fiber ends in Fig. 9 d. The results of the images are in agreement with the findings of Montenegro et al [ 10 ], where the same fracture pattern was observed for the studied PU composite with GF under study. Fig.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 90%
“…FRP composites are typically prepared with thermoset resins [ 9 ]. Furthermore, adding carbon [ 3 , 5 ] and glass [ 10 ] in these structures has significantly improved flexural strength.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Montenegro et al compared the fracture toughness of unidirectional glass fiber-reinforced composites with the ductile PU polymer matrix with epoxy resin, both thermoset materials [ 10 ]. The study was based on the nonlinear regime of fracture mechanics and focused on ductile materials.…”
“…In this regard, resin-rich layer temporarily halted the transverse crack growth, while fiber/matrix debonding in the adjacent fiber-rich layer initiated ahead of the transverse crack tip. A similar observation was also reported for ductile polyurethane-based composites [34]. Another feature of the transverse crack was the crack opening that is bridged by the matrix fibrillation, which was not observable in the thermoset composites [10,11,12].…”
Section: Damage Mechanism From Micro-3pb Testsupporting
Studying the response of laminated composites under out-of-plane loading routinely involves mechanical tests, such as quasi-static indentation or impact. The phenomenology during these tests is so complex that it is difficult to identify different material properties related to each failure mechanism (damage mode). We aim at providing an experimental approach, which is practical and fast, for assessing the in-situ micro-scale damage mechanism and extracting the fracture toughness in thermoplastic laminates under out-of-plane loading. To this end, we developed a dedicated, micro-scale, three-point bending (micro-3PB) test fitted inside a scanning electron microscope (SEM). In a single experiment, we were able: (i) to assess the initiation of a transverse crack, the transverse crack-to-delamination transition, delamination growth, development of shear-induced microcracks during delamination, and fibrillation, and (ii) to evaluate the effective fracture toughness during transverse cracking and delamination under a representative out-of-plane loading. We used this approach to rank two types of glass fiber-reinforced polypropylene cross-ply laminates, i.e., based on either homopolymer PP (ductile matrix) and copolymer PP (less-ductile matrix), according to their relative fracture parameters. We also performed short edge notch bending (SENB), double cantilever beam (DCB) and end-notch flexure (ENF) to obtain the standard fracture toughness values. We found that the relative fracture toughness values obtained by SENB, DCB and ENF are comparable with that of micro-3PB results. Furthermore, ENF results showed that the delamination process during micro-3PB is dominated by Mode-II fracture.
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