Mode conversion and the path of acoustic energy in a partially water-filled aluminum tube

Application of the fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing for monitoring the liquid level of producing oil wells

“…In general, there are various methods and implementations for liquid level detection such as mechanical, capacitive, inductive, ultrasonic [3], acoustic [4] or optical [5]. From the previous reviews, it is concluded that optical fiber sensor is a promising candidate for harsh environment, high temperature, high pressure, corrosive/erosive, and strong electromagnetic disturbance.…”

A Polymer Optical Fiber Fuel Level Sensor: Application to Paramotoring and Powered Paragliding

“…Different methods such as mechanical, capacitive, inductive, ultrasonic [2], acoustic [3] or optical can be implemented. Typically, mechanical and ultrasonic methods are used to detect the level of solid materials that are in the form of dusts whereas capacitive and optical methods give better results in detecting fluid levels.…”

Wideband miniature G-shaped antenna for dual-band WLAN applications

“…Liquid level measurement is important in many areas such as fuel storage system, chemical processing, and other applications. Liquid level can be detected by various methods such as mechanical, electrical, and optical [1][2][3]. Electrical liquid-level sensors (LLSs) are widely used, but they might not be suitable if the liquid to be measured is conductive, potentially explosive or erosive.…”

“…Foam is widely used in a variety of different applications [1][2][3][4][5], where there is a need for a material with good electrical and mechanical properties. One such application is in the design and manufacture of high performance antenna structures at microwave and millimeter-wave frequencies, for example Refs.…”