Mode cleaning in graphene oxide-doped polymeric whispering gallery mode microresonators

Abstract

The physical mechanisms behind a mode cleaning effect observed in graphene oxide (GO)-doped polymeric microresonators are uncovered.

Two-Photon Polymerization: Functionalized Microstructures, Micro-Resonators, and Bio-Scaffolds

“…Several polymeric formulations have been employed as photoresists, such as acrylic [ 51 , 135 ] and epoxy resins [ 130 , 132 ], and various materials have been incorporated into them to meet specific applications. Polymeric microresonators fabricated by TPP have been incorporated with organic dyes to realize optically active microdevices [ 125 , 130 , 134 ], with liquid crystal networks to confer elasticity for optical tunability [ 131 , 136 ], and with nanodiamonds to enable quantum photonics applications [ 135 ], among other materials [ 137 ].…”

“…One proposed solution to achieve mode cleaning is by incorporating a lossy element in a low concentration into the microresonator. It was shown that the incorporation of graphene oxide (GO) to WGM microresonators led to the suppression of a number of resonances in the spectrum without significantly reducing the Q-factor of the most prominent resonances [ 137 ]. Another route to mode cleaning is by decreasing the microresonator diameter to a few microns [ 149 ].…”

Integrating Fluorescent Nanodiamonds into Polymeric Microstructures Fabricated by Two-Photon Polymerization

“…It has been used to create a variety of optical structures for applications in many fields, such as photonic crystals [ 18 ], waveguides [ 19 ], resonators [ 20 ], and microneedles [ 21 ]. One of the main advantages of the 2PP technique is that it is relatively simple to incorporate dopants into the photoresist [ 22 ], making 2PP an appropriate method to fabricate functional structures, such as nanotube-doped structures [ 23 ], rhodamine-doped, and graphene oxide-doped microresonators [ 24 , 25 ].…”

Optical nonlinearities in microstructures produced by ultrashort laser pulses

“…[97][98] This way, our numerical model is now able to simulate third-order nonlinear absorption, besides nonlinear refraction. This feature is particularly interesting to characterize semiconductor waveguides, 95 dye-doped polymer waveguides [88][89] or graphene-doped structures, 31,86 where nonlinear absorption plays an important role.…”

“…19 When it comes to photonic applications, structures like microresonators, interferometers and waveguides, [20][21][22] microlenses, 23 fiber-to-chip couplers, 24 photonic crystals, 25 among others have been fabricated. Another great advantage of DLW in polymeric materials is the ease of incorporation of different doping materials to the polymeric matrices, like organic dyes, [26][27][28] metal nanoparticles and quantum dots, 29 graphene-based materials, [30][31] etc. This feature allows the modification of the material physical properties, allowing for the fabrication of devices with specific properties.…”