“…By 5 months of age infants actively participate in turn-taking exchanges (Belsky, Gilstrap, & Rovine, l984; Bornstein & Tamis-LeMonda, 1990; Kaye & Fogel, 1980). Comparable patterns of mutual contingent responding have been identified in mothers and infants in multiple cross-cultural samples (Bornstein et al, 2011; Cote et al, 2008), suggesting that the synchronous meshing of core sets of infant and maternal behaviors is a universal component of early human development. Parental responsiveness to infant signals has been theorized to facilitate the development of a sturdy sense of self in the baby (Stern, 1985) and has been linked to a broad spectrum of positive developmental outcomes for children in social development, cognitive growth, intellectual achievement, and behavioral adjustment (Ainsworth et al, 1974; Beckwith, Rodning, & Cohen, 1992; Bornstein, 2002; Bornstein, Tamis-LeMonda, & Haynes, 1999; Coates & Lewis, 1984; Goldstein, Schwade, & Bornstein, 2009; Gunnar, 1980; van IJzendoorn, Dijkstra, & Bus, 1995; van IJzendoorn, Juffer, & Poelhuis, 2005; Watson, 1985).…”