“…In these studies, the material properties of one-dimensional (1-D) FGM structures were assumed to vary across the thickness (or radial) direction only [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]20], in the axial direction only [10][11][12]19], or in both the axial and thickness (or radial) directions [13,14]. In the literature, various solution methods have been applied to static and dynamic analyses of FGM structures; these include analytical methods [1][2][3][4]15,[20][21][22], the Rayleigh-Ritz method [16], the modal analysis method [10,14], power series expansion methods [11,19], the differential quadrature method [14], the dynamic stiffness method [23], the finite element method (FEM) [5][6][7][8][9]12,17,18], and the spectral element method [24].…”