Mobilização, sociedade civil e governança: a escassez e a crise hídrica na macrometrópole de São Paulo

Spatial and time scales of human-water feedbacks facing drought risk in megacities: a socio-hydrological approach in São Paulo

“…In addition, the Cantareira water supply system, the largest system in São Paulo since 1984 expanded the water production capacity from 22 m3/s in 1985 (Araújo, 1986) to 33m3/s (Marins et al, 2019;Deusdará-Leal et al, 2020). However, since 2004 the need to increase water production has been identified because the metropolitan supply system would not be enough to handle water demands from household and economic activities in the short term (Martirani and Peres, 2016;Ribeiro, 2011;Richter, 2017). Although the 2013/2014 rainfall anomaly affected the entire Brazilian Southeastern region, the Cantareira reservoir raised the attention of media coverage (Martirani and Peres, 2016) because it is one of the largest Brazilian water supply systems, from which 8.8 million people relied on to receive water and because it reached the dead pool level in 2014 (Deusdará-Leal et al, 2020).…”

“…A bonus tariff aimed at reducing consumption by giving discounts on water bills for consumers who reduced consumption. Meanwhile, authorities gathered together to compose a task force in February 2014 and reviewed the situation monthly to determine maximum withdrawals from the Cantareira reservoirs (Richter, 2017). In May 2014, the system reached the dead storage level, and therefore the water utility implemented a set of water pumps to maintain withdrawals from the Cantareira reservoirs (Millington, 2018).…”

“…In May 2014, the system reached the dead storage level, and therefore the water utility implemented a set of water pumps to maintain withdrawals from the Cantareira reservoirs (Millington, 2018). In addition, in May 2014, the Alto Tietê and the Guarapiranga systems became the sources of some service areas previously supplied by the Cantareira (Richter, 2017). In October 2014, the water utility launched the pipeline pressure reduction program, whose goal was to decrease leakages in pipelines (Braga and Kelman, 2016).…”