Mobility of Soil Nitrogen and Microbial Responses following the Sudden Death of Established Turf

Jiang, Zhongchun; Bushoven, John T.; Ford, Heather J.; Sawyer, Carl D.; Amador, José A.; Hull, Richard T.

doi:10.2134/jeq2000.00472425002900050033x

Cited by 21 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The amount of NO 3 ) leached from the unfertilised controls (bare soil without turfgrass) after 22 months was 155 kg NO 3 -N ha )1 and 109 kg NO 3 -N ha )1 for the high and low irrigation treatments, respectively. As noted above, losses from the controls probably resulted from the absence of turfgrass to utlilise mineralised soil N (Jiang et al, 2000).…”

Section: Nitrogen Leachingmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…The amount of N leached from the unfertilised controls (i.e., no turfgrass) after 22 months was 201 and 136 kg N ha )1 for the high and low irrigation treatments, respectively. These losses probably resulted from the absence of turfgrass to utlilise mineralised soil N (Jiang et al, 2000). The N leached was mainly NO 3 ) or organic N depending upon the irrigation treatment ( Figure 2).…”

Section: Nitrogen Leachingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly, sudden death of established turfgrass may increase N leaching. Jiang et al (2000) reported almost 161 kg NO 3 ) -N ha )1 year )1 leached from 12-year old cool-season turfgrass plots killed using glyphosate in early spring compared with healthy plots (without fertiliser) which leached 50 kg N ha )1 year )1 during the same period. Increased NO 3 ) leaching from the killed plots was attributed to the absence of turfgrass to utilise mineralised N, rather than enhanced mineralisation rates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Turfgrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) sod production on sandy soils: II. Effects of irrigation and fertiliser regimes on N leaching

2006

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The effects of irrigation and fertiliser regimes on N leaching from the production of couch grass (Cynodon dactylon L.) sod, on a free-draining sandy soil, were evaluated in a 22-month field study. The experimental design used a randomised-block, split-plot design with three replicates. Main plots consisted of two irrigation treatments: 70 and 140% daily replacement of pan evaporation; four subplot fertiliser types (watersoluble (predominately NH 4 NO 3 ), control-release, pelletised poultry manure and pelletised biosolids); and three N application rates (100, 200 and 300 kg N ha )1 per crop). Nitrogen leaching was assessed by measuring the leachate volumes and concentrations of N species leached from soil lysimeters (250 mm in diameter by 950 mm in length) installed in 10 m 2 turfgrass plots. Nitrogen leaching ranged from 33 to 167 kg N ha )1 over 22 months, depending upon the irrigation and fertiliser treatment. Irrigation treatment affected N leaching more than fertiliser treatment, and increasing the irrigation from 70 to 140% replacement of daily pan evaporation increased N leaching for all fertiliser types, and by up to four times. Forty six to 76% of losses occurred from the high irrigation treatments during the first 16 weeks after the turfgrass was planted as rhizomes. By contrast, N leaching did not appear to increase following harvest of sod. At the high irrigation treatment, N leaching was greater for the pelletised biosolids than the controlrelease; while at the low irrigation treatment, N leaching did not vary between fertiliser types. A significant proportion of the N leached was in the organic form. Therefore, we recommend total N and mineral N be measured when assessing N leaching from turfgrass. Nitrogen leaching from turfgrass production is low from all fertiliser types when the irrigation matches turfgrass water use and N is applied at a rate and frequency that approximates turfgrass requirements.

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Section: Nitrogen Leachingmentioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Nitrogen Leachingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Turfgrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) sod production on sandy soils: II. Effects of irrigation and fertiliser regimes on N leaching

2006

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“…In a review on the fate of nitrogen applied to turf, Petrovic (1990) concluded that only a small amount of fertilizer nitrogen (<10%) normally leaches from established turf to groundwater, a finding generally mirrored by other studies (Gold et al 1990; Guillard and Kopp 2004). Jiang et al (2000) have shown that even when the grass is killed, turf sites retain 90% of their accumulated nitrogen during the ensuing year even if no vegetation is replanted. When turf is re-established soon after death, a normal nitrogen retention pattern is restored within three months of reseeding .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Potential Nitrate Leaching Under Common Landscaping Plants

Amador

Hull

Patenaude

et al. 2007

Water Air Soil Pollut

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Studies on N losses from ornamental plantings -other than turf -are scant despite the ubiquity of these landscaping elements. We compared pore water NO 3 and extractable soil NO 3 and NH 4 in areas with turf, areas with seven different types of ornamental landscape plantings, and a native woodland. Turf areas received annual N inputs of~48 kg ha −1 and annual flowers received~24 kg N ha −1 at the time of planting. None of the other areas were fertilized during the course of the study. Data were collected on 23 occasions between June 2002 and November 2003. Pore water NO 3 concentrations at a 60-cm depthbased on pooled data -were highest (1.4 to 7.8 mg NO 3 -N l −1 ) under ground covers, unplanted-mulched areas, turf, deciduous trees, and evergreen trees, with no differences among these vegetation types. Lower values were observed under woodlands, annual and perennial flowers, and evergreen and deciduous shrubs. Pore water NO 3 concentrations exceeded the drinking water regulatory limit of 10 mg NO 3 -N l −1 under ground covers, turf and unplanted-mulched areas in 39, 20 and 10% of samples, respectively. Leaching losses of NO 3 -N over 18 months ranged from 0.17 kg N ha −1 in the woodlands to 34.97 kg N ha −1 under ground covers. Annual NO 3 losses under unplantedmulched areas and ground covers were approximately twice the average N input (10 kg N ha −1 year −1 ) from atmospheric deposition. Extractable NO 3 in woodland soils (0.5 μg NO 3 -N g −1 ) was lower than for all other vegetation types (3.1-7.8 μg NO 3 -N g −1 ). Extractable NH 4 levels were highest in woodlands, deciduous trees, and annual flowers (6.7-10.1 μg NH 4 -N g −1 ). Most vegetation types appear to act as net N sinks relative to atmospheric inputs, whereas unplantedmulched areas and areas planted with ground covers act as net sources of NO 3 to groundwater.

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“…The majority of sod farms are sited over aquifers with highly permeable sandy and loamy soils, and potential nitrate loss during production and immediately after sod harvest is a concern. In a study by Jiang et al [7], nitrate loss within an established turf-soil ecosystem was investigated following the sudden death of the turf. The study indicated that nitrate concentration in the water collected at a soil depth of 60 cm below killed turf was elevated beyond that of healthy turf within 2 months following turf death.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil Nitrate Monitoring for Turfgrass Sod Farms and Other Turf Areas

Sullivan

Jiang

2001

The Scientific World JOURNAL

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Studies with established turf and golf courses have indicated minimal risk of nitrate pollution of groundwater resulting from turfgrass management, but soil nitrate flux in turfgrass sod production farms and golf courses has received less attention. Information about nitrate-N flux at a particular location can be helpful to the sod producer or the golf course manager when efficiently applying N fertilizers and minimizing risk of nitrate pollution. We used an ion exchange resin capsule system to continuously monitor soil nitrate-N fluxes at 12 sites in southern Rhode Island, including turfgrass sod production farms and a lowmaintenance environment. Four capsules were placed in the soil at each site and retrieved at intervals coinciding with management and meteorological events to determine nitrate ion accumulation. We found that the golf course green exhibited significantly higher nitrate-N fluxes than the sod farms and the low-maintenance turf. There was significant interaction between sampling date and study site, indicating that seasonal variation in soil nitrate-N fluxes was affected by turfgrass management. The cultural practice of late fall fertilization to stimulate early spring growth in the following year appeared to present some risk of nitrate loss during the winter from the golf course greens in our region. We conclude that site-specific and time-relevant monitoring is needed to produce and manage turfgrasses in an environmentally sound manner.

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Mobility of Soil Nitrogen and Microbial Responses following the Sudden Death of Established Turf

Cited by 21 publications

References 14 publications

Turfgrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) sod production on sandy soils: II. Effects of irrigation and fertiliser regimes on N leaching

Turfgrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) sod production on sandy soils: II. Effects of irrigation and fertiliser regimes on N leaching

Potential Nitrate Leaching Under Common Landscaping Plants

Soil Nitrate Monitoring for Turfgrass Sod Farms and Other Turf Areas

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