Hydrogen
energy derived from water splitting is the cleanest renewable
energy source, but it is also very challenging to achieve because
the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) requires highly efficient and
low-cost electrocatalysts. We have fabricated a novel hierarchical
system of amorphous molybdenum oxy/sulfide microspheres with crystalline
Ni3S2 intergrown in situ on Ni foam (MoO
x
S
y
/Ni3S2/NF) as an outstanding electrocatalyst for HER. The
MoO
x
S
y
/Ni3S2/NF demonstrates an ultra-low overpotential of
58 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm–2 and extremely
durable stability (>200 h), suggesting superior performance comparable
to that of Pt-C/NF under acidic conditions. The X-ray absorption fine
structure (XAFS) determines the average valence state of Mo to be
+(5 + δ), with a coordination motif by O and S. To explain such
high HER activity, a [Mo2O2(S,O)4] dimer-based periodic model structure with the average composition
of [Mo4O8S4] interfaced with the
Ni3S2(101) surface is proposed. The interactions
between the Ni of Ni3S2 and bridging S/O of
[Mo4O8S4] result in an average formal
Mo charge state between +5 and +6, and significant charge transfer
from Ni3S2 to [Mo4O8S4] activates the MoO bonds. The calculated |ΔG
H*| of less than 50 meV suggests that the double-bonded
O is the most active site. This work points to the importance of oxy/sulfides
with Mo
n+ (+5 < n<+6)
as exceptional electrochemical catalysts for HER.