MO11 and MS06 ameliorated cadmium chloride-induced neuro-inflammation, hyperplasia and apoptosis via NF-kB/ Caspase-3/p53 pathway and down-regulated sVEGFR in rats

Abstract

Cadmium is a neurotoxin, carcinogen and a suspected agent in aetiology of Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Furthermore, upregulations of Caspase-3 and p53 were reported in brains of AD patients. This study evaluated the neuroprotective potentials of MO11 (isolated from Moringa oleifera leaves) and MS06 (isolated from Musa sapientum suckers) in Cadmium Chloride (CdCl)-induced neurotoxicity in the cerebrum of rats. Twenty-eight adult male wistar rats (average weight of 155 g) were randomly divided into 7 groups (n = 4). Group 1 received physiological saline. Groups 2-4 and 7 received single 1.5 mg/Kg bodyweight of CdCl (i.p.) (Day 1). Groups 3-4 and 7 were post-treated with 15 mg/Kg bodyweight of MO11, 15 mg/Kg bodyweight of MO11 + 7 mg/Kg bodyweight of MSF1 and 3.35 mg/Kg bodyweight of Doxorubicin respectively (Days 1-17). Groups 5-6 received only MO11 and Vegetable Oil (vehicle) respectively (Days 1-17). Cerebral histopathology (Cresyl Fast Violet method) was evaluated in rats. ELISA evaluations of biomarkers of pro-inflammation (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and NF-kB), anti-inflammation (IL-4 and IL- 10), apoptosis (Caspase-3 and p53), proliferation (Ki67) and angiogenesis (sVEGFR) in cerebral homogenates of rats were also conducted. Histopathological evaluations showed a high number of chromatolytic cells in Group 2, compared with Groups 1 and 3-7. Post-treatments of CdCl-induced neurotoxicity with MO11 and MS06 resulted in decreased levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, NF-kB, Caspase-3, Ki67, p53 and sVEGFR, but increased levels of IL-4 and IL-10 in Groups 3-4, compared with Group 2. Therefore, MO11 and MS06 possess neuroprotective, neuroregenerative, anti-AD, anti-inflammatory and anticancer potentials. Key words: Cadmium – Neurotoxicity – Alzheimer’s disease – Moringa oleifera – Musa sapientum – Neuroprotection – Neuroregeneration

Immunochemical Evaluation of Biomarkers of Carcinogenesis, Angiogenesis, Neuro-Cancer Interactions and Demyelination in Cadmium Chloride-Induced Testicular Toxicity in Rats.

“…Furthermore, there was significantly increased level of Malondialdehyde in the CdCl 2 -only treated group compared to control group on Days 13, 25 and 49 in rats [23]. Sustained increased Malondialdehyde level implied increased oxidative stress which is implicated in carcinogenesis [3,22].…”

“…Both Dopamine [29] and Glutamate [35] are expressed in the testis. Myelination is required for proper functioning of nerve fibres supplying tissues, and Myelin Basic Protein (MBP) is a biomarker of de-myelination [3]. The mechanism underlying metastasis remains poorly understood.…”

“…Cytochrome p450 plays a role in steroidogenesis [34], and it is an established biomarker of drug metabolism and carcinogenesis [29]. Caspase-3 plays regulatory roles in spermatogenesis [36], and it is a biomarker of apoptosis and carcinogenesis [3]. In addition, sVEGFR is opined to be a biomarker of testicular inflammation and toxicity [14], and it is an established biomarker of angiogenesis [23] while MBP is a biomarker of myelination [3].…”

“…Caspase-3 plays regulatory roles in spermatogenesis [36], and it is a biomarker of apoptosis and carcinogenesis [3]. In addition, sVEGFR is opined to be a biomarker of testicular inflammation and toxicity [14], and it is an established biomarker of angiogenesis [23] while MBP is a biomarker of myelination [3]. Furthermore, Dopamine and Glutamate are neurotransmitters of importance in evaluation of neuro-cancer interactions [19], Cadmium exists as a divalent cation, complexed with other elements, such as cadmium chloride (CdCl 2 ) [ 7,8,16,37].…”