MnO_x Nanospikes as Nanoadjuvants and Immunogenic Cell Death Drugs with Enhanced Antitumor Immunity and Antimetastatic Effect

Abstract

Despite the widespread applications of manganese oxide nanomaterials (MONs) in biomedicine, the intrinsic immunogenicity of MONs is still unclear. MnOx nanospikes (NSs) as tumor microenvironment (TME)‐responsive nanoadjuvants and immunogenic cell death (ICD) drugs are proposed for cancer nanovaccine‐based immunotherapy. MnOx NSs with large mesoporous structures show ultrahigh loading efficiencies for ovalbumin and tumor cell fragment. The combination of ICD via chemodynamic therapy and ferroptosis inductions, as well as antigen stimulations, presents a better synergistic immunopotentiation action. Furthermore, the obtained nanovaccines achieve TME‐responsive magnetic resonance/photoacoustic dual‐mode imaging contrasts, while effectively inhibiting primary/distal tumor growth and tumor metastasis.

Recent Development on Controlled Synthesis of Mn‐Based Nanostructures for Bioimaging and Cancer Therapy

“…Especially, optimal reaction pH of Mn 2+ triggered Fenton‐like reaction was close to the neutral environment, which contributed to the Mn‐based nanostructures becoming the best candidates for driving the CDT. [ 51–54 ]…”

Polyphenol‐Based Nanomedicine Evokes Immune Activation for Combination Cancer Treatment

“…Immunogenic cancer cell death (ICD) can elicit an anti‐tumor immune response, [4] which plays a key role in reversing the immunosuppressive system and prolonging the anti‐tumor immunity [5] . Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is one of the efficient ICD inducers [6] .…”

An ER‐Targeting Iridium(III) Complex That Induces Immunogenic Cell Death in Non‐Small‐Cell Lung Cancer

“…[28] Ding et al proved MnOx Nanospikes induced ICD by chemodynamic therapy (CDT) and ferroptosis. [29] Wernitznig et al reported that KP1339, ar uthenium-based anticancer drug under clinical trials,can induce ICD. [30] Nevertheless,few single metal complexes have been reported which evoke ICD in NSCLC,adisease which represents an estimated 85 %o f all lung cancers and accounts for 2.1 million new lung cancer cases and 1.8 million deaths per year worldwide.…”