Mn₃O₄−Graphene Hybrid as a High-Capacity Anode Material for Lithium Ion Batteries

Abstract

We developed two-step solution-phase reactions to form hybrid materials of Mn(3)O(4) nanoparticles on reduced graphene oxide (RGO) sheets for lithium ion battery applications. Selective growth of Mn(3)O(4) nanoparticles on RGO sheets, in contrast to free particle growth in solution, allowed for the electrically insulating Mn(3)O(4) nanoparticles to be wired up to a current collector through the underlying conducting graphene network. The Mn(3)O(4) nanoparticles formed on RGO show a high specific capacity up to ∼900 mAh/g, near their theoretical capacity, with good rate capability and cycling stability, owing to the intimate interactions between the graphene substrates and the Mn(3)O(4) nanoparticles grown atop. The Mn(3)O(4)/RGO hybrid could be a promising candidate material for a high-capacity, low-cost, and environmentally friendly anode for lithium ion batteries. Our growth-on-graphene approach should offer a new technique for the design and synthesis of battery electrodes based on highly insulating materials.

Critical Insight into the Relentless Progression Toward Graphene and Graphene‐Containing Materials for Lithium‐Ion Battery Anodes

“…Other graphene-based composites, containing metal-oxides (such as Co 3 O 4 , [45][46][47]112 ] Fe 3 O 4 , [113][114][115] Mn 3 O 4 [ 116 ] and CuO [ 117 ] ) or metal hydroxide (i.e., Co(OH) 2 [ 44 ] ), emerged this year but, unfortunately, even though large specifi c gravimetric capacities were achieved, they all showed a generally limited cycle life and, in some cases, an unsatisfactory electrochemical reversibility (see Table 2 ).…”

Reconstruction of Mini‐Hollow Polyhedron Mn2O3 Derived from MOFs as a High‐Performance Lithium Anode Material

“…Manganese oxides materials have shown great potential application as energy materials, such as water oxidation and oxygen reduction,1, 2, 3 electrochemical capacitors,4, 5 lithium–O 2 batteries,6 and lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15. Owing to their high specific theoretical capacity, low cost, and environmentally benign nature, manganese oxides (MnO x , 1 ≤ x ≤ 2) are believed to be the most promising alternative anode materials for next generation LIBs 11, 13, 16, 17.…”

“…Owing to their high specific theoretical capacity, low cost, and environmentally benign nature, manganese oxides (MnO x , 1 ≤ x ≤ 2) are believed to be the most promising alternative anode materials for next generation LIBs 11, 13, 16, 17. Moreover, the low operating voltages (1.3–1.5 V for lithium extraction) and small voltage hysteresis (<0.8 V) endow these materials with higher output voltage and higher energy density 14, 15, 18.…”

Nanocarbon-based electrochemical systems for sensing, electrocatalysis, and energy storage

“…However, the specific capacity of 28 graphene is relatively low because every six carbon atoms can hold only one Li ion. [204] Common methods to 29 overcome this major drawback include creation of hybrids with metal oxides, [205][206][207][208][209][210] incorporation of chemical 30 dopants, [211][212][213] and control of layer structures. [214,215] 31…”

“…Fig 4f-4h: reprinted with permission from ref [195] . Fig 4i-4k: reprinted with permission from ref [207] . reprinted with permission from ref [221] .…”