Mn–Se interactions at the cathode interface during the electrolytic-manganese process

Effect of gluconate ions on electroreduction phenomena during manganese deposition on glassy carbon in acidic chloride and sulfate solutions

“…Some inorganic additives are intentionally introduced to the solutions to increase current efficiency of manganese deposition. SO 3 2À , SeO 3 2À TeO 3 2À or SCN À ions are reduced on the cathode producing adsorbates acting as a poison for hydrogen evolution [1,[4][5][6][7][8]. Alternative organic additives (amines, paraformaldehyde, glycerol) [7] or non-aqueous solutions [9,10] as well as various electrolysis performances (pre-electrolysis, membrane reactor) [11,12] were also tested for the improvement of the process.…”

Selenium and sulphur reactions involved in manganese reduction from sulphate solutions

“…AMX has a PS/ DVB structure, an ion exchange capacity of 1.4-1.7 meq g À1 , a thickness of 0.12-0.18 mm and a resistivity of 20-35 U cm 2 . 23,24 AMI also has a PS/DVB structure, with an ion exchange capacity of 1.3 AE 0.1 meq g À1 , a thickness of 0.45 AE 0.025 mm, and a resistivity of <40 U cm 2 . 24 Both membranes were activated via immersion in 5% sodium chloride solution for one day.…”

“…23,24 AMI also has a PS/DVB structure, with an ion exchange capacity of 1.3 AE 0.1 meq g À1 , a thickness of 0.45 AE 0.025 mm, and a resistivity of <40 U cm 2 . 24 Both membranes were activated via immersion in 5% sodium chloride solution for one day. Having been stored in this solution, they were then rinsed with deionised water for use.…”

“…) to elemental selenium and a posterior partial dissolution to selenide ions (Se 2À ). 20,24,25 Previous research has proposed that the selenium reduction from HSeO 3 À requires water (H 2 O) due to the high local pH at the cathode surface achieved by the hydrogen evolution. 20,24,25 However, hydrogen evolution was not observed during the chronopotentiometric studies with AMI or AMX when current densities between À1 and À17.5 A m À2 were imposed.…”

Influence of Manufacturing Conditions on Inclusion Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of FeCrNiMnCo Alloy

“…Thus, Al, Si impurities could be detected, which are inevitable for commercial-grade pure metals. Selenium is known to be present in electrolytic manganese due to its usage as an electrolyte additive in manufacturing process [44,45]. Those impurities in the raw materials remain in the alloy after melting without a cleaning-refining step, and they also remain in the manufactured final alloys.…”