MMTV-like Env sequences from human breast cancer patients cannot yet be considered as a separate species

Mustafa, Farah; Ahmad, Waqar; Khader, ThanumolA; Panicker, NeenaG; Akhlaq, Shaima; Baby, Jasmin; Gull, Bushra

doi:10.4103/hmj.hmj_35_22

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…MMTV is a well-known tumor-inducing pathogen in mice. In recent years, it has emerged as a potential pathogen in humans as well [ 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ]. Therefore, it is important to study virus–host interactions to understand the host defense mechanisms at play and how the virus may evade such processes at the molecular level and spread within the host to cause disease.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is interesting to note that unlike other cancer-causing viruses, MMTV does not encode any oncogene, and MMTV-associated carcinogenesis depends upon the host immune response, viral strain, viral proteins, especially Env and Sag, host–immune response modification by the virus, or the presence of endogenous Mtvs [ 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ]. Furthermore, MMTV may also be jumping the species barrier into humans since MMTV-like antigens, virus particles, and sequences have been detected in the human milk, both in normal and breast cancer samples [ 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ]. Moreover, a cloned MMTV provirus has been shown to effectively infect mouse as well as human cells [ 41 , 42 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Global Down-regulation of Gene Expression Induced by Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus (MMTV) in Normal Mammary Epithelial Cells

Ahmad

Panicker

Akhlaq

et al. 2023

Viruses

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Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) is a betaretrovirus that causes breast cancer in mice. The mouse mammary epithelial cells are the most permissive cells for MMTV, expressing the highest levels of virus upon infection and being the ones later transformed by the virus due to repeated rounds of infection/superinfection and integration, leading eventually to mammary tumors. The aim of this study was to identify genes and molecular pathways dysregulated by MMTV expression in mammary epithelial cells. Towards this end, mRNAseq was performed on normal mouse mammary epithelial cells stably expressing MMTV, and expression of host genes was analyzed compared with cells in its absence. The identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were grouped on the basis of gene ontology and relevant molecular pathways. Bioinformatics analysis identified 12 hub genes, of which 4 were up-regulated (Angp2, Ccl2, Icam, and Myc) and 8 were down-regulated (Acta2, Cd34, Col1a1, Col1a2, Cxcl12, Eln, Igf1, and Itgam) upon MMTV expression. Further screening of these DEGs showed their involvement in many diseases, especially in breast cancer progression when compared with available data. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) identified 31 molecular pathways dysregulated upon MMTV expression, amongst which the PI3-AKT-mTOR was observed to be the central pathway down-regulated by MMTV. Many of the DEGs and 6 of the 12 hub genes identified in this study showed expression profile similar to that observed in the PyMT mouse model of breast cancer, especially during tumor progression. Interestingly, a global down-regulation of gene expression was observed, where nearly 74% of the DEGs in HC11 cells were repressed by MMTV expression, an observation similar to what was observed in the PyMT mouse model during tumor progression, from hyperplasia to adenoma to early and late carcinomas. Comparison of our results with the Wnt1 mouse model revealed further insights into how MMTV expression could lead to activation of the Wnt1 pathway independent of insertional mutagenesis. Thus, the key pathways, DEGs, and hub genes identified in this study can provide important clues to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in MMTV replication, escape from cellular anti-viral response, and potential to cause cell transformation. These data also validate the use of the MMTV-infected HC11 cells as an important model to study early transcriptional changes that could lead to mammary cell transformation.

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