Endothelial cell (EC) senescence and dysfunction occurring after chronic injury and inflammation are highly associated with the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases. However, the factors involved in the establishment of EC senescence remain poorly understood. We have previously shown that lithium, an inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3 and activator of the Wnt/-catenin signaling pathway, induces an EC senescent-like phenotype. Herein, we show that lithium induces a rapid and pronounced up-regulation of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, an inflammation and senescent cell marker, at the mRNA and protein levels, whereas the induction of two other senescent cell markers is either weak (interleukin-8) or delayed (plasminogen activator inhibitor-1). Lithium effect on MMP-1 expression is also specific among other
Endothelial cell (EC)2 senescence and dysfunctions are the hallmarks of cardiovascular degenerative diseases such as atherosclerosis (1, 2). Senescent EC are characterized by changes in cell morphology and metabolism as well as by an irreversible cell cycle arrest and reduced migratory behavior (2), which account for impaired wound healing and slower tumor growth in the elderly (3). The senescent EC, like other cell types, display also changes in their secretory pattern with in particular, an increase of proinflammatory and proangiogenic factors, which in turn alters the tissue microenvironment and activity of neighboring cells (2-4). Although the effects of these proinflammatory and angiogenic factors on enabled-proliferative EC have been extensively studied, less is known about their effects on cell cycle-arrested and pre-senescent EC.The human matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and the plasminogen-activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 belong to this class of proinflammatory and proangiogenic factors, which control vascular remodeling and angiogenesis by regulating extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation and release of growth factors such as transforming growth factor- and vascular endothelial growth factor (5, 6). By inducing both angiogenesis and changes in the ECM microenvironment, MMP-1 up-regulation has been associated with increased tumor growth and metastasis (6, 7). PAI-1 has a dual effect on angiogenesis depending upon its level of expression and the status of the ECM proteolytic system (5). On the other hand, the expressions of MMP-1 and PAI-1 are increased in senescent EC in culture (8, 9) and in vivo within atherosclerotic lesions (10). MMP-1 activity is in particular associated with instability of the atherosclerotic plaque and subsequently with infarct events in humans (11). Increased PAI-1 levels are also associated with a poor prognostic in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease progression (12).Interestingly, PAI-1 up-regulation has been associated with the establishment of cell senescence both in vitro and in vivo (13). PAI-1 is a downstream target gene of the tumor suppressor p53 (14) and is required for p53-induced cell senescence in primary fibroblasts via its ...