M-shell ionization of heavy elements by0.1–1.0MeV∕amu

M. Pajek

¹

,

D. Banaś

²

,

J. Braziewicz

³

et al.

Hafnium to thorium M-shell X-ray production cross sections by proton impact

“…So, it is necessary to resort to the empirical and the semi-empirical methods, which are based on the available experimental data as well as the ECPSSR calculations. Over the years, more accurate data became available for the M-shell ionization by light ions (Amirabadi, Afarideh, Haji-Saeid, Shokouhi, & Peyrovan, 1997;Bie nkowski et al, 1990;Braich et al, 1996;Braich, Verma, & Verma, 1997;Busch, Baskin, Nettles, Shafroth, & Waltner, 1973;Cipolla, 1995;De Castro Faria, Freire, De Pinho, & Da Silveira, 1983;Gressett et al, 1989;Ishii, Morita, Tawara, Kaji, & Shiokawa, 1975;Jask oła et al, 2000;Jesus & Ribeiro, 1989;Mehta, Duggan, Price, McDaniel, & Lapicki, 1982, Mehta et al, 1983Pajek et al, 1990aPajek et al, , 1990bPajek et al, , 1990cPajek et al, , 1999Pajek et al, , 2006Sarkar, Mommsen, & Sarter, 1981;Shokouhi et al, 1996;Thornton, McKnight, & Karlowicz, 1974). Nevertheless, the theoretical predictions deviate significantly, especially at low energies, from the experimental data exceeding sometimes a level of quoted experimental uncertainties.…”

“…The experimental data of M-shell X-ray production cross sections (528 data points) collected from the same references as indicated in the case of semi-empirical (Cipolla, 1995;Goudarzi et al, 2006;Mehta et al, 1982Mehta et al, , 1983Pajek et al, 1990aPajek et al, , 2006Rodriguez-Fern andez et al, 2002;Sera et al, 1980) for elements with 72 Z 2 90 by protons with energy from 0.1 to 4.0 MeV, are found to be universal in a logarithmic scaling when plotted as a function of the scaled velocity x M (Fig. 2).…”

“…In the first attempt, the semi-empirical M-shell X-ray production cross sections have been calculated by defining the normalized cross sections in the usual manner as S ¼ s exp / s ECPSSR , where s ECPSSR refers to our theoretical results of Mshell X-ray production cross sections calculated within the ECPSSR model by using the exact limits of integration (Liu & Cipolla, 1996) and the unperturbed nonrelativistic screened hydrogenic wave functions defined by Choi (1973) to evaluate the form factor (Johnson, Basbas, & McDaniel, 1979) and s exp refers to the experimental cross sections at our disposal of elements with atomic number 72 Z 2 90 collected from different sources (Cipolla, 1995;Goudarzi et al, 2006;Mehta et al, 1982Mehta et al, , 1983Pajek et al, 1990aPajek et al, , 2006RodriguezFern andez et al, 2002;Sera et al, 1980) (528 data points). Also, because of the non availability of the coefficients of CostereKronig and the fluorescence yields of the M i -subshells, necessary to convert the ionization cross sections to the X-ray production ones and vice versa, we used the ratios of the total X-ray production cross sections instead of the total ionization ones.…”

“…In the present paper, we attempt to calculate the semiempirical and the empirical M-shell X-ray production cross sections by using the ECPSSR calculations from this work and the available experimental data (Cipolla, 1995;Goudarzi, Shokouhi, Lamehi-Rachti, & Oliaiy, 2006;Mehta et al, 1982Mehta et al, , 1983Pajek et al, 1990aPajek et al, , 2006Rodriguez-Fern andez, Miranda, Ruvalcaba-Sil, Segundo, & Oliver, 2002;Sera et al, 1980) by proton in the energy range 0.1e4.0 MeV, for the whole range of elements (collective) with 72 Z 90 (about 528 experimental values) as well as for each element separately (individual).…”

Z-dependence analysis of M x-ray production cross sections for heavy elements with 60≤Z≤90 by protons impact

“…In addition to the semi-empirical cross sections previously calculated [5], we tried, in the present work, to investigate our previous procedure, noted as 'Z-dependence', to deduce a new empirical M-shell x-ray production cross sections for a wide range of elements (60≤Z≤90) by proton impact (0.1-4.0 MeV). Moreover, the present calculation is done by using the updated experimental data collected from different sources [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. Then, the obtained results have been compared with other earlier works.…”