(2+1)-dimensional soliton formation in photorefractiveBi12

Abstract

(2+1)-dimensional spatial solitons in Bi12SiO20 (BSO) photorefractive crystals with large optical activity are experimentally demonstrated. The soliton formation when a Gaussian beam is injected at the input has been previously analyzed numerically and then experimentally investigated. We demonstrate analytically, numerically, and experimentally that by applying static electric biases of high values, the polarization rotation accelerates: this acceleration prevents the beam from broadening if the polarization rotation period becomes shorter than the diffraction length. Contemporary to this nonlinear optical activity, an induced birefringence affects the beam polarization state. Analysis of the polarization dynamics shows that the polarization changes nonuniformly across the beam (with a field dependent speed) until about 30-35 kV/cm; above this limit, the whole beam has just one polarization state. Representation on the Poincaré sphere of the polarization dynamics reveals the existence of a stable polarization trajectory closed around a polarization attractor that depends on the linear optical activity and on the photorefractive nonlinearity. The experimental soliton is well described by the analytical solutions already obtained [Fazio et al., Phys. Rev. E 66, 016605 (2002)].

Second harmonic generation from artificial metasurfaces

“…The optical activity [ 26 ] is the property of particular materials that rotate the plane of plane-polarised light when the light pass thorough the material itself and is usually related to the chirality of the constituents of the material. In ref.…”

Fluorinated and Non-Fluorinated Electro-Optic Copolymers: Determination of the Time and Temperature Stability of the Induced Electro-Optic Coefficient

“…an activation energy E a = 58 kcal/mol is then obtained by fitting the measurements below 110 °C with the Equation (23). For temperatures above 110 °C the relaxation is faster than that predicted by the Arrhenius model and follows the Vogel-Fulcher-Tamann-Hesse (VFTH) behavior (or Williams-Landel-Ferry (WLF)) described in the Equation (22). The activation energy is a parameter that represents the stability of the chromophores orientation in a more complete way than the depolarization temperature reported in the previous paragraph.…”

“…We limit our attention only at the second order term that is responsible of the linear electro-optic (EO) effect (or Pockels effect) as well as other interesting phenomena and applications such as second harmonic generation (SHG), frequency mixing, photorefractivity [17,22].…”

On conformity of solutions for one-dimensional photorefractive screening solitons with the Kukhtarev–Vinetskii model

“…So far, the formation of (1 + 1)D solitary waves has been demonstrated experimentally in various PR materials such as ferroelectrics (SBN) [3][4][5], (LiNbO 3 ) [11,12], sillenities (BTO) [6,7], (BSO) [13] centrosymmetric paraelectrics (KLTN) [8], semiconductors (InP:Fe) [9,14], and (CdZnTe) [15] both in geometry with bulk PR crystals and in planar waveguides [10,16].…”