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The characteristics of the radioactive contamination of bukhtas and bays are determined: the nonuniformity of the radionuclide distribution in the water and bottom deposits, the rate of accumulation of sediments, the distribution ratio, and the turbulent diffusion coefficient. A characteristic feature is the strong nonuniformity of the radionuclide distribution in bottom sediments. A mathematical model is proposed for radionuclide transport and water of bukhtas taking account of flow, turbulent diffusion, and settling of suspensions. Possible explanations are proposed for the characteristics of the radionuclide distribution in bukhtas. The reason for weak turbulent diffusion in bukhtas is examined.The sources of radioactive contamination of bukhtas and bays are radiation accidents, radwastes, and work performed by enterprises to refuel nuclear powered submarines and salvage and store the cores. There are many works, containing actual data and their analysis, on the radioactive contamination of bays and bukhtas [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Summary works which present a quite complete picture of the contamination of seas and oceans bordering our country have been published in the last few years [8,9]. These works present data on the sources of contamination and the radionuclide content in the water and bottom deposits in 22 bukhtas and bays in the Arctic and Far-East regions. Nine bukhtas are on the Kola Peninsula, four are on Novaya Zemlya, seven are in Primorskii krai, and two are on Kamchatka. The radioactive contamination of most bukhtas and bays in the Far East and on the Kola Peninsula is due to the operations of enterprises which support the functioning and salvaging of nuclear powered submarines. Reactors of nuclear powered submarines and containers with solid radwastes have been dumped in the bays on Novaya Zemlya. Radiation accidents have occurred in the bukhtas Chazhma and Pavlovskogo in Primorskii krai. For a long time, cores were refueled afloat in bukhta Bol'shoi Kamen'.The purpose of the present work is to analyze, classify, and generalize the data on the radioactive contamination of bukhtas [1-4, 8, 9]. The salient features of the radionuclide distribution in the water and bottom deposits have been determined and expressed in a quantitative form. These features are associated with the physical and chemical properties of the radionuclides and with hydrophysical processes in bukhtas. A mathematical model of radionuclide transport has been developed to explain certain features.With respect to radionuclide transport, a bukhta is an example of the system water-suspension-bottom deposits, where with time the content of the inflowing radionuclides is redistributed between the components of the system. Radionuclide transport occurs in the water by means of turbulent diffusion and advection. Radionuclides flow from the water into the bottom deposits by means of settling of suspensions and bioagitation [6,7]. These two processes are slow and, as a rule, take years [6]. Another process, characteristic for transport ...
The characteristics of the radioactive contamination of bukhtas and bays are determined: the nonuniformity of the radionuclide distribution in the water and bottom deposits, the rate of accumulation of sediments, the distribution ratio, and the turbulent diffusion coefficient. A characteristic feature is the strong nonuniformity of the radionuclide distribution in bottom sediments. A mathematical model is proposed for radionuclide transport and water of bukhtas taking account of flow, turbulent diffusion, and settling of suspensions. Possible explanations are proposed for the characteristics of the radionuclide distribution in bukhtas. The reason for weak turbulent diffusion in bukhtas is examined.The sources of radioactive contamination of bukhtas and bays are radiation accidents, radwastes, and work performed by enterprises to refuel nuclear powered submarines and salvage and store the cores. There are many works, containing actual data and their analysis, on the radioactive contamination of bays and bukhtas [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Summary works which present a quite complete picture of the contamination of seas and oceans bordering our country have been published in the last few years [8,9]. These works present data on the sources of contamination and the radionuclide content in the water and bottom deposits in 22 bukhtas and bays in the Arctic and Far-East regions. Nine bukhtas are on the Kola Peninsula, four are on Novaya Zemlya, seven are in Primorskii krai, and two are on Kamchatka. The radioactive contamination of most bukhtas and bays in the Far East and on the Kola Peninsula is due to the operations of enterprises which support the functioning and salvaging of nuclear powered submarines. Reactors of nuclear powered submarines and containers with solid radwastes have been dumped in the bays on Novaya Zemlya. Radiation accidents have occurred in the bukhtas Chazhma and Pavlovskogo in Primorskii krai. For a long time, cores were refueled afloat in bukhta Bol'shoi Kamen'.The purpose of the present work is to analyze, classify, and generalize the data on the radioactive contamination of bukhtas [1-4, 8, 9]. The salient features of the radionuclide distribution in the water and bottom deposits have been determined and expressed in a quantitative form. These features are associated with the physical and chemical properties of the radionuclides and with hydrophysical processes in bukhtas. A mathematical model of radionuclide transport has been developed to explain certain features.With respect to radionuclide transport, a bukhta is an example of the system water-suspension-bottom deposits, where with time the content of the inflowing radionuclides is redistributed between the components of the system. Radionuclide transport occurs in the water by means of turbulent diffusion and advection. Radionuclides flow from the water into the bottom deposits by means of settling of suspensions and bioagitation [6,7]. These two processes are slow and, as a rule, take years [6]. Another process, characteristic for transport ...
A probabilistic analysis of atmospheric transport and deposition patterns from two nuclear risk sites-Kamchatka and Vladivostok-situated in the Russian Far East to countries and geographical regions of interest (Japan, China, North and South Koreas, territories of the Russian Far East, State of Alaska, and Aleutian Chain Islands, US) was performed. The main questions addressed were the following: Which geographical territories are at the highest risk from hypothetical releases at these sites? What are the probabilities for radionuclide atmospheric transport and deposition on different neighboring countries in case of accidents at the sites? For analysis, several research tools developed within the Arctic Risk Project were applied: (1) isentropic trajectory model to calculate a multiyear dataset of 5-day forward trajectories that originated over the site locations at various altitudes; (2) DERMA long-range transport model to simulate 5-day atmospheric transport, dispersion, and deposition of 137Cs for 1-day release (at the rate of 10(10) Bq/s); and (3) a set of statistical methods (including exploratory, cluster, and probability fields analyses) for evaluation of trajectory and dispersion modeling results. The possible impact (on annual, seasonal, and monthly basis) of selected risk sites on neighboring geographical regions is evaluated using a set of various indicators. For trajectory modeling, the indicators examined are: (1) atmospheric transport pathways, (2) airflow probability fields, (3) fast transport probability fields, (4) maximum possible impact zone, (5) maximum reaching distance, and (6) typical transport time fields. For dispersion modeling, the indicators examined are: (1) time integrated air concentration, (2) dry deposition, and (3) wet deposition. It was found for both sites that within the boundary layer the westerly flows are dominant throughout the year (more than 60% of the time), increasing with altitude of free troposphere up to 85% of the time. For the Kamchatka site, the US regions are at the highest risk with the average times of atmospheric transport ranging from 3 to 5.1 days and depositions of 10(-1) Bq/m2 and lower. For the Vladivostok site, the northern China and Japan regions are at the highest risk with the average times of atmospheric transport of 0.5 and 1.6 days, respectively, and depositions ranging from 10(0) to 10(+2) Bq/m2. The areas of maximum potentially impacted zones are 30 x 10(4) km2 and 25 x 10(4) km2 for the Kamchatka and Vladivostok sites, respectively.
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