[Retracted] MKP‐1 Overexpression Reduces Postischemic Myocardial Damage through Attenuation of ER Stress and Mitochondrial Damage

Abstract

Mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress contribute to postischemic myocardial damage, but the upstream regulatory mechanisms have not been identified. In this study, we analyzed the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase 1 (MKP-1) in the regulation of mitochondrial function and ER stress in hypoxic cardiomyocytes. Our results show that MKP-1 overexpression sustains viability and reduces hypoxia-induced apoptosis among H9C2 cardiomyocytes. MKP-1 overexpression attenuates ER stress and expression of ER stress genes and improves mitochondrial function in hypoxia-treated H9C2 cells. MKP-1 overexpression also increases ATP production and mitochondrial respiration and attenuates mitochondrial oxidative damage in hypoxic cardiomyocytes. Moreover, our results demonstrate that ERK and JNK are the downstream signaling targets of MKP-1 and that MKP-1 overexpression activates ERK, while it inhibits JNK. Inhibition of ERK reduces the ability of MKP-1 to preserve mitochondrial function and ER homeostasis in hypoxic cardiomyocytes. These results show that MKP-1 plays an essential role in the regulation of mitochondrial function and ER stress in hypoxic H9C2 cardiomyocytes through normalization of the ERK pathway and suggest that MKP-1 may serve as a novel target for the treatment of postischemic myocardial injury.

Early growth response 1 regulates dual‑specificity protein phosphatase 1 and inhibits cell migration and invasion of tongue squamous cell carcinoma

“…Dual-specificity protein phosphatase 1 (DUSP1), also termed mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1 ( 17 , 18 ), is involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes, including endoplasmic reticulum stress ( 19 ), microglial polarization ( 20 ), homeostasis and inflammation ( 21 ). Dysfunction of DUSP1 may induce several diseases, including neuro-inflammation ( 22 ), renal fibrosis ( 23 ) and rheumatoid arthritis ( 24 ).…”

Retracted: MKP-1 Overexpression Reduces Postischemic Myocardial Damage through Attenuation of ER Stress and Mitochondrial Damage

“…This article has been retracted by Hindawi following an investigation undertaken by the publisher [ 1 ]. This investigation has uncovered evidence of one or more of the following indicators of systematic manipulation of the publication process: Discrepancies in scope Discrepancies in the description of the research reported Discrepancies between the availability of data and the research described Inappropriate citations Incoherent, meaningless and/or irrelevant content included in the article Peer-review manipulation …”

“…This article has been retracted by Hindawi following an investigation undertaken by the publisher [1]. This investigation has uncovered evidence of one or more of the following indicators of systematic manipulation of the publication process:…”