Mixotrophy in mycorrhizal plants

Selosse, Marc‐André; Bocayuva, Melissa Faust; Kasuya, Maria Catarina Megumi; Courty, Pierre‐Emmanuel

doi:10.1002/9781118951446.ch25

Cited by 24 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 105 publications

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“…However, mixotrophy has been found to be variable within adult pyroloid species, and in some cases, for example Chimaphila umbellata and Moneses uniflora , plants are reported to be autotrophic, that is the fungal acquisition of carbon is low or absent (Johansson et al, 2015; Selosse et al, 2016). Johansson et al (2015) found significant fungal-derived carbon for adult plants of Orthilia secunda and Pyrola chlorantha but not for those of C. umbellata , M. uniflora or P. minor , which suggests autotrophy in the latter three species.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of the reviewers of our manuscript stated that, ‘One also could add that partial mycoheterotrophs may well be cheating on their hosts. However, on the other hand, we cannot exclude the possibility that all, or some, mycoheterotrophs (full and partial) provide their host with something useful’ (see Hynson et al, 2013a; Selosse et al, 2016). For a general overview of cheating (including its costs/benefits) in symbioses, see Gardes (2002), Douglas (2008), Leigh (2010) and Kiers et al (2011).…”

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confidence: 99%

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‘Dust seeds’ with undifferentiated embryos and their germination in mycoheterotrophic Monotropoideae (Ericaceae)

Baskin

2020

Seed Sci. Res.

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‘Dust seeds’ with an undifferentiated (organless) embryo are known to be produced by mycoheterotrophic species (MH) in nine families of angiosperms. However, aside from the numerous studies on seed germination of orchids, relatively little is known about germination in MH families. In the Ericaceae, some degree of mycoheterotrophy (full, partial or initial) and dust seeds with an undifferentiated embryo occur in all species in the three tribes of Monotropoideae, the only subfamily of Ericaceae with this combination of characters. In most species, the seed is <0.90 mm in the greatest dimension, the endosperm is absent (Pityopus) or consists of few to many (30–40) cells, and the embryo is minute, consisting of as few as two cells in Monotropa. Germination in Monotropoideae is monopolar, with only the radicular pole of the embryo participating in germination. Thus, germination polarity differs from that of the dust seeds of orchids in which only the plumular pole of the embryo (protocorm) participates in germination. The dust seeds in Monotropoideae require the presence of fungi, either direct contact with a fungus or the presence of a diffusible substance therefrom, to germinate (symbiotic germination). Recently, representatives of the four genera of tribe Pyroleae have been successfully germinated asymbiotically in vitro. We present a broad overview of dust-size seeds in angiosperms and conclude that they should be subdivided into at least two major categories.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

‘Dust seeds’ with undifferentiated embryos and their germination in mycoheterotrophic Monotropoideae (Ericaceae)

Baskin

2020

Seed Sci. Res.

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“…Recent studies have demonstrated common mycorrhizal networks in which a single fungus can simultaneously associate with unrelated plants, which usually leads to a better plant response to pathogenic fungi, increased growth and carbon transfer, increased photosynthesis, increased uptake of soil nutrients, and tolerance to stress, among others [73][74][75]. Furthermore, these processes have been assessed in several mycoheterotrophic plants, in which the mycorrhizal hyphae growing outside the roots are essential to complement plant nutrition [76]. Our study showed saprophytic fungi associated with A. uniflora roots, specifically in individuals sampled at sampling point 2, where several fungi are characteristic of the decaying wood present in the soils.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Root-Associated Fungal Communities in Two Populations of the Fully Mycoheterotrophic Plant Arachnitis uniflora Phil. (Corsiaceae) in Southern Chile

et al. 2019

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The microbiological interactions of the roots of non-photosynthetic plants in South America have been scarcely explored. This study analyzes culturable fungal diversity associated with the mycoheterotrophic plant Arachnitis uniflora Phil. (Corsiaceae) in southern Chile, growing in two different understoreys of native (Nothofagus-dominated) and mixed forest (native, Cupressus sempervirens, and Pinus radiata). Rhizospheric and endophytic fungi were isolated, cultured, and purified to identify microorganisms associated with A. uniflora roots. We showed the different fungi associated with the plant, and that these distributions are influenced by the sampling site. We isolated 410 fungal strains (144 endophytic and 266 from the rhizosphere). We identified 13 operative taxonomical units from plants sampled in the mixed forest, while 15 were from the native forest. Rhizospheric microorganisms were mainly related to Penicillium spp., whereas some pathogenic and saprophytic strains were more frequent inside the roots. Our results have also shown that the fungal strains are weak for phosphate solubilization, but other pathways such as organic acid exudation and indole acetic acid production can be considered as major mechanisms to stimulate plant growth. Our results point to new fungal associates of A. uniflora plants reported in Andean ecosystems, identifying new beneficial endophytic fungi associated with roots of this fully mycoheterotrophic plant.

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“…Among temperate green orchid species, two distinct nutritional syndromes can be identified (Jacquemyn & Merckx, 2019; Selosse et al, 2016). Most orchids form mycorrhizas with Rhizoctonia fungi and are considered autotrophic.…”

Section: Structure and Physiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Flora of Britain and Ireland: Liparis loeselii

Jacquemyn

Pankhurst²,

Jones

et al. 2023

Journal of Ecology

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This account presents information on all aspects of the biology of Liparis loeselii (L.) Rich. (Fen Orchid) that are relevant to understanding its ecological characteristics and behaviour. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of the Biological Flora of Britain and Ireland: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, floral and seed characters, herbivores and disease, and history and conservation. Liparis loeselii is a small terrestrial orchid that has a circumboreal distribution and is widespread in Europe and North America. Despite its wide distribution, the species is locally rare and has declined considerably in most of its range. In Britain, the species has a disjunct distribution and is now known to occur consistently at only six sites in eastern England and three in south Wales. It is absent from Ireland. Its most characteristic habitats in Britain are inland fens and coastal dune slacks, but outside Britain it can also be found in wet meadows, marshes, forested seep springs, at lake borders or on mats of floating peat. Populations of Liparis loeselii in dune slacks tend to be short‐lived, and can rapidly increase in size or decrease and disappear as environmental conditions change. The species does not tolerate high nutrient concentrations or low pH. It is susceptible to drought, which reduces seed germination, seedling recruitment and adult survival. Heavy predation by rabbits and rodents has been observed under drought conditions. Liparis loeselii reproduces both by sexual reproduction, and by vegetative propagation through the production of pseudobulbs. Although flowers are accessible to insects, entomophilous pollination is unusual, and most sexual reproduction is the result of selfing. Fruits ripen late in the growing season (mid‐October) and the dust‐like seeds are dispersed during winter by wind and water. Germination occurs during the following growing season and is supported by a wide variety of mycorrhizal fungi. Since the late 19th century Liparis loeselii has declined considerably in Britain and elsewhere in Europe, primarily due to habitat destruction and loss, natural succession, and habitat desiccation due to drainage. As a result, the species has been listed as endangered in the Bern Convention and the European Habitat Directive (92/43/EEC) and is the focus of intensive conservation efforts in many countries. Restoration of habitat by mowing, extensive grazing and peat removal, and the creation of new habitat by dune slack formation in dune systems and peat removal in fens may prolong population persistence and promote establishment of new populations.

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Mixotrophy in mycorrhizal plants

Cited by 24 publications

References 105 publications

‘Dust seeds’ with undifferentiated embryos and their germination in mycoheterotrophic Monotropoideae (Ericaceae)

‘Dust seeds’ with undifferentiated embryos and their germination in mycoheterotrophic Monotropoideae (Ericaceae)

Root-Associated Fungal Communities in Two Populations of the Fully Mycoheterotrophic Plant Arachnitis uniflora Phil. (Corsiaceae) in Southern Chile

Biological Flora of Britain and Ireland: Liparis loeselii

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