Mixotrophy in Ciliates

Esteban, Genoveva F.; Fenchel, Tom; Finlay, Bland J.

doi:10.1016/j.protis.2010.08.002

Cited by 104 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 93 publications

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“…Chloroviruses infect certain unicellular, eukaryotic, exsymbiotic chlorella-like green algae, called zoochlorellae. Zoochlorellae are associated with the protozoan Paramecium bursaria, the coelenterate Hydra viridis, the heliozoon A. turfacea, and other freshwater and marine invertebrates and protozoans (27,28). Three such zoochlorellae are Chlorella NC64A (renamed C. variabilis), Chlorella Pbi (renamed M. conductrix), and C. heliozoae, the host for ATCV-1.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlorovirus ATCV-1 is part of the human oropharyngeal virome and is associated with changes in cognitive functions in humans and mice

Yolken

Jones‐Brando

Dunigan

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

100

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Chloroviruses (family Phycodnaviridae) are large DNA viruses known to infect certain eukaryotic green algae and have not been previously shown to infect humans or to be part of the human virome. We unexpectedly found sequences homologous to the chlorovirus Acanthocystis turfacea chlorella virus 1 (ATCV-1) in a metagenomic analysis of DNA extracted from human oropharyngeal samples. These samples were obtained by throat swabs of adults without a psychiatric disorder or serious physical illness who were participating in a study that included measures of cognitive functioning. The presence of ATCV-1 DNA was confirmed by quantitative PCR with ATCV-1 DNA being documented in oropharyngeal samples obtained from 40 (43.5%) of 92 individuals. The presence of ATCV-1 DNA was not associated with demographic variables but was associated with a modest but statistically significant decrease in the performance on cognitive assessments of visual processing and visual motor speed. We further explored the effects of ATCV-1 in a mouse model. The inoculation of ATCV-1 into the intestinal tract of 9-11-wk-old mice resulted in a subsequent decrease in performance in several cognitive domains, including ones involving recognition memory and sensory-motor gating. ATCV-1 exposure in mice also resulted in the altered expression of genes within the hippocampus. These genes comprised pathways related to synaptic plasticity, learning, memory formation, and the immune response to viral exposure.chlorovirus ATCV-1 | infection | cognitive functioning | oropharyngeal virome | metagenomic sequencing

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlorovirus ATCV-1 is part of the human oropharyngeal virome and is associated with changes in cognitive functions in humans and mice

Yolken

Jones‐Brando

Dunigan

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

100

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“…In particular, about half of the described species of dinoflagellates are photosynthetic with integrated chloroplasts (Saldarriaga et al, 2001;Hansen, 2011). Other dinoflagellates, along with some ciliates, host photosynthetic symbionts, or are kleptoplasidic (Esteban et al, 2010). The range of trophic roles among microzooplankton suggest that the microzooplankton species composition could be used as indicators of differences in microbial food webs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal and Interannual Changes in Ciliate and Dinoflagellate Species Assemblages in the Arctic Ocean (Amundsen Gulf, Beaufort Sea, Canada)

et al. 2017

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Recent studies have focused on how climate change could drive changes in phytoplankton communities in the Arctic. In contrast, ciliates and dinoflagellates that can contribute substantially to the mortality of phytoplankton have received less attention. Some dinoflagellate and ciliate species can also contribute to net photosynthesis, which suggests that species composition could reflect food web complexity. To identify potential seasonal and annual species occurrence patterns and to link species with environmental conditions, we first examined the seasonal pattern of microzooplankton and then performed an in-depth analysis of interannual species variability. We used high-throughput amplicon sequencing to identify ciliates and dinoflagellates to the lowest taxonomic level using a curated Arctic 18S rRNA gene database. DNA-and RNA-derived reads were generated from samples collected from the Canadian Arctic from November 2007 to July 2008. The proportion of ciliate reads increased in the surface toward summer, when salinity was lower and smaller phytoplankton prey were abundant, while chloroplastidic dinoflagellate species increased at the subsurface chlorophyll maxima (SCM), where inorganic nutrient concentrations were higher. Comparing communities collected in summer and fall from 2003 to 2010, we found that microzooplankton community composition change was associated with the record ice minimum in the summer of 2007. Specifically, reads from smaller predatory species like Laboea, Monodinium, and Strombidium and several unclassified ciliates increased in the summer after 2007, while the other usually summer-dominant dinoflagellate taxa decreased. The ability to exploit smaller prey, which are predicted to dominate the future Arctic, could be an advantage for these smaller ciliates in the wake of the changing climate.

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“…Besides this, ciliates can also be significant contributors to primary production through mixotrophy which is the occurrence of phagotrophy and phototrophy in the same organism. Mixotrophic oligotrichs have been reported both in freshwater and in seawater ecosystems (Esteban et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Importance of Mesodinium rubrum at Post-Spring Bloom Nutrient and Phytoplankton Dynamics in the Vertically Stratified Baltic Sea

Lips

2017

Front. Mar. Sci.

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The inter-annual dynamics of the photosynthetic ciliate Mesodinium rubrum in the central Gulf of Finland in spring-summer continuum during 5 years were followed. The analysis was mainly based on high-resolution measurements and sampling in the surface layer along the ferry route Tallinn-Helsinki. The main purpose was to analyze the dynamics of M. rubrum biomass, its contribution to the photosynthetic plankton biomass, and the influence of water temperature and variations of inorganic nutrients in the surface and sub-surface layer on its dynamics. The analysis revealed that the outcome of the M. rubrum bloom in spring was largely related to the surface layer water temperature-in the years of earlier warming, the higher biomass of this species was formed. The photosynthetic ciliate was an important primary producer in all studied years during the late phase or post-spring bloom period in the Gulf of Finland. The maximum proportion of M. rubrum in the photosynthetic plankton community was estimated up to 88% in May and up to 91% in June. We relate the observed post-spring bloom decrease of phosphate concentrations in the surface layer to the dominance and growth of M. rubrum. We suggest that this link can be explained by the vertical migration behavior of M. rubrum and phosphate utilization in the surface layer coupled with inorganic nitrogen assimilation in the sub-surface layer. Thus, the dynamics of M. rubrum could strongly influence the amount of post-spring bloom excess PO 3− 4 in the euphotic layer and the depth of nitracline in the Gulf of Finland.

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Mixotrophy in Ciliates

Cited by 104 publications

References 93 publications

Chlorovirus ATCV-1 is part of the human oropharyngeal virome and is associated with changes in cognitive functions in humans and mice

Chlorovirus ATCV-1 is part of the human oropharyngeal virome and is associated with changes in cognitive functions in humans and mice

Seasonal and Interannual Changes in Ciliate and Dinoflagellate Species Assemblages in the Arctic Ocean (Amundsen Gulf, Beaufort Sea, Canada)

The Importance of Mesodinium rubrum at Post-Spring Bloom Nutrient and Phytoplankton Dynamics in the Vertically Stratified Baltic Sea

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