“…The main reasons, which play a key role in the process of rogue wave appearance, are the following linear mechanisms: dispersive focusing, which is a time-space localization of wave train energy (Kharif and Pelinovsky, 2003;Pelinovsky et al, 2011;Fedele et al, 2016), geometrical focusing in basins of variable depth (Didenkulova and Pelinovsky, 2011;Benetazzo et al, 2017), wave-current interaction (Lavrenov, 1998;Onorato et al, 2011;Toffoli et al, 2015;Shrira and Slunyaev, 2014a;Shrira and Slunyaev, 2014b), and random superposition of steep waves (Gemmrich and Cicon, 2022). Among the nonlinear mechanisms, the most significant are the modulational instability or Benjamin-Feir instability (Slunyaev et al, 2011;Ruban, 2007;Kharif and Touboul, 2010;Onorato et al, 2006), the interaction of coherent structures as solitons and breathers (Pelinovsky and Shurgalina, 2016;Slunyaev, 2019;Gelash and Agafontsev, 2018;Akhmediev et al, 2016;Didenkulova (Shurgalina), 2019;Didenkulova, 2022), and the wave-wave and wave-coast interaction in shallow water (Didenkulova and Pelinovsky, 2011;Chakravarty and Kodama, 2014;Peterson et al, 2003). Variable wind and gust also contribute to the extreme wave formation (Pleskachevsky et al, 2016).…”