Mixed Solid-State Fermentation of Okara and Copra Meal by Probiotics with Non-Starch Polysaccharide Enzymes and Its Effects on the Growth Performance and Ileal Microbiota in Broilers

Abstract

With the global shortage of feed ingredients, the use of agricultural by-products has become an alternative to animal feed. Okara, a by-product of soymilk and tofu processing, is high in nutrients but contains non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and has a high-water content, which are disadvantages in animal feed. Herein, we mixed okara and copra meal (CM) with probiotics (Lactobacillus species and Clostridium butyricum) and NSP enzymes (NSPases) for solid-state fermentation (SSF) to enhance okara feed value; the optimal parameters of fermented okara and CM (FOCM) and their effects on broiler growth performance and ileal microbiota were investigated. The result showed that FOCM in combination with NSPases and probiotics at 55% of the initial moisture content and 60 h fermentation time at 37 °C were able to degrade NSP and reduce sugar content. After fermentation, the total viable counts, lactic acid, and butyric acid contents in the FOCM were 8.6 log CFU/g, 3.7%, and 17.15%, respectively. During the fifth week of the feeding period and over the whole feeding period, broilers fed with 1.25% and 2.5% FOCM had a better feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05); both groups increased the duodenal villus length (p < 0.05). Further microbiome analysis suggested that FOCM significantly increased the abundance of the phylum Firmicutes and reduced the abundance of Escherichia-Shigella in the ileal content (p < 0.05). Collectively, supplementation of probiotics and enzymes during SSF was found to be effective in enhancing the nutritional value of FOCM. Moreover, dietary supplementation of FOCM improved the broiler feed conversion ratio, gut morphology, and ileal microbiota.

The Effect of Solid-State Fermentation on the Nutritive Value of Rapeseed Cakes and Performance of Broiler Chickens

“…Moreover, the insufficient water content in the substrate limits the enzyme's activity. Recently, Hsiao et al [28] have proven that only after 48 h, sugar reduction increased through the action of carbohydrates, which provided the microorganisms to continue producing lactic acid. On the other hand, in the current study, glucose and fructose levels were significantly higher in products where α-amylase, endo 1,4-β-xylanase, and endo-1,3(4) β-glucanase were individually used, which can be a result of partial carbohydrate changes.…”

“…The fermentation technique of high-protein feed using various microorganisms, such as bacteria or yeast, has been frequently studied and utilized in formulated animal mixtures in recent years [7,8,14,15]. To date, there are limited data on the evaluation of directly fermented feed with exogenous enzymes in animal nutrition [10,28] because most fermentation mechanisms that reduce antinutrient contents are uncharacterized [38], except for phytate [39]. Many studies have shown that high dietary inclusion of raffinose family sugars in feeds containing high levels of crude fiber and other antinutrients could lead to decreased feed intake and BW gains and increased mortality [9,20].…”

Promising future of citrus waste into fermented high-quality bio-feed in the poultry nutrition and safe environment

“…In another attempt, the agricultural waste hull-less barley and corn straw were used to prepare feed from Lactobacillus plantarum with or without molasses or fibrolytic enzymes ( Kim et al, 2012 ; Hajimohammadi et al, 2020 ; Li et al, 2020 ; Hsiao et al, 2022 ). The use of Lactobacillus plantarum in the silos significantly reduced the pH and the NH3-N, acetic acid, and butyric acid concentrations in the prepared silages compared to those in the control group.…”

“…Lactic acid bacteria further decreased (p<0.05) the ratios of acid detergent fiber to acid detergent lignin ( ADL ), neutral cellulose to ADL, and hemicellulose to ADL. By adopting the idea of lactic acid fermentation to prepare high-quality sustainable foods, several other attempts have been made to improve the nutritional value of many plants and plant wastes, such as sesame ( Hajimohammadi et al, 2020 ; Li et al, 2020 ), soybean ( Kim et al, 2012 ; Li et al, 2020 ), Artemisia princeps ( Kim et al, 2012 ), okara and Copra ( Hsiao et al, 2022 ), mulberry leaf ( Ding et al, 2021 ), ginkgo leaf ( Zhang et al, 2015 ), wheat, oats, and barley grains ( Yaşar et al, 2016 ). These efforts have yielded successful results, with the improved nutritional value of end products effectively utilized in animal production.…”

Effects of Coconut Meat Waste Replacing Maize in the Diet on Feed Intake and Nutrient Digestibility of Fattening Beef Cattle

“…However, scarce information exists to improve the quality and use of coconut meat waste in poultry diets. Numerous studies have suggested that the results of the study showed that inclusion of mannanase enzyme and probiotics in diets containing high Non-Starch Polysaccharides (NSP) such as mannan and galactomannan could improve growth performance (Khanongnuch et al, 2006;Sundu et al, 2006;Hsiao et al, 2022), gut histomorphology (Awad et al, 2009;Rahimi et al, 2009;Aliakbarpour et al, 2012;Mikulski et al, 2012) of broilers.…”