Mixed Logic Dynamic Models for MPC Control of Wind Farm Hydrogen-Based Storage Systems

Abstract

The use of electric power by wind generation in actual grids is hampered by its inherent stochastic nature and the penalty deviations adopted in several electricity regulation markets with respect to power quality requirements. Coupling wind farms with advanced Energy Storage Systems (ESS) can help their integration within grids. In this direction, several studies have been conducted, but the problem is still open due to the constraints and limitations regarding the ESSs time autonomy, time response, degradation issues and overall costs. In order to take into account these relevant aspects, advanced control algorithms are needed. In this paper, a Model-Based Predictive Controller (MPC) is presented. Such a controller minimizes the degradation of the ESS and the load tracking error while fulfilling the operational constraints and dynamics. The ESS considered is hydrogen-based and the study has been developed within the EU-FCH 2 JU (European Union Fuel Cells and Hydrogen 2 Joint Undertaking) funded project HAEOLUS aiming at building and integrating advanced control strategies for a hydrogen-based ESS within a wind farm fence. Numerical simulations show the feasibility and the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Dynamic Process Operation Under Demand Response – A Review of Methods and Tools

“…Shehzad et al 106 describe a modeling approach based on mixed integer linear constraints and nonlinear dynamic models and apply it to combined electrolysis and hydrogen storage. The mixed integer part describes discrete logical states, such as filling of storage, whereas dynamic equations describe continuous phenomena of the process, e.g., efficiency degradation.…”

Techno-Economic and Environmental Impact Analysis of Large-Scale Wind Farms Integration in Weak Transmission Grid from Mid-Career Repowering Perspective

“…Wind-based renewable energy sources (RESs) have been increasingly integrated into the national grid and used in the energy market in recent decades [35]. However, their naturally intermittent nature can pose problems for grid operators in terms of forecasting and meeting load [36,37]. Energy storage devices established on hydrogen for WF are one of the alternatives proposed throughout the years to alleviate such issues (ESSs) [38][39][40].…”

Optimal operations for hydrogen-based energy storage systems in wind farms via model predictive control

“…This paper extends the preliminary study presented in Refs. [4,13] by adopting more sophisticated and detailed models of the electrolyzer and the fuel cell. In particular, the cold and warm states have been included which allows for higher fidelity models, easing the control response to abrupt produced/consumed power imbalances and reducing mode switchings, so as to preserve the units from premature degradation.…”

“…The MPC control was originally designed for the process control industry, characterized by slow dynamic systems, but it gained the attention of a wider control engineering community in the last decades thanks to the availability of high performance computer systems. For a rigorous dissertation of the MPC the interested reader is directed to the referred literature, see for example [4,43]. Roughly speaking, the MPC consists in formulating a control problem as an optimization problem over a finite time horizon and iteratively solves it at each sampling time while the horizon "recedes".…”