Mixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects for subjects and items

Baayen, R. Harald; Davidson, Douglas; Bates, Douglas M.

doi:10.1016/j.jml.2007.12.005

Cited by 6,934 publications

(5,985 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…This amounts to 1,508 trials (14.5%) removed in total. RTs were analyzed with linear mixed effects models (Baayen, Davidson, & Bates, 2008) implemented in RStudio (Version 0.98.945, 2009(Version 0.98.945, -2013; RStudio, Inc.) using the lme4 package (Bates, Maechler, Bolker, & Walker, 2014). The full model contained word type and visual condition as well as the interaction between the two as fixed effects and by-participants random slopes and intercepts for both fixed effects and by-items slopes and intercepts for the effect of visual condition.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A task-dependent causal role for low-level visual processes in spoken word comprehension.

Ostarek

Huettig

2017

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

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It is well established that the comprehension of spoken words referring to object concepts relies on high-level visual areas in the ventral stream that build increasingly abstract representations. It is much less clear whether basic low-level visual representations are also involved. Here we asked in what task situations low-level visual representations contribute functionally to concrete word comprehension using an interference paradigm. We interfered with basic visual processing while participants performed a concreteness task (Experiment 1), a lexical-decision task (Experiment 2), and a word class judgment task (Experiment 3). We found that visual noise interfered more with concrete versus abstract word processing, but only when the task required visual information to be accessed. This suggests that basic visual processes can be causally involved in language comprehension, but that their recruitment is not automatic and rather depends on the type of information that is required in a given task situation.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A task-dependent causal role for low-level visual processes in spoken word comprehension.

Ostarek

Huettig

2017

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

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“…This approach to analysis allows for greater confidence that significant results will generalize beyond the specific materials used and participants recruited (Baayen, Davidson & Bates, 2008;Gelman & Hill, 2007;Jaeger, 2008). This statistical approach was implemented using the lme4 package in R (Bates, Maechler, Bolker & Walker 2015).…”

Section: Data Analysis Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

True happiness: The role of morality in the folk concept of happiness.

Phillips

Freitas

Mott

et al. 2017

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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Recent scientific research has settled on a purely descriptive definition of happiness that is focused solely on agents' psychological states (high positive affect, low negative affect, high life satisfaction). In contrast to this understanding, recent research has suggested that the ordinary concept of happiness is also sensitive to the moral value of agents' lives. Five studies systematically investigate and explain the impact of morality on ordinary assessments of happiness. Study 1 demonstrates that moral judgments influence assessments of happiness not only for untrained participants, but also for academic researchers and even in those who study happiness specifically. Studies 2 and 3 then respectively ask whether this effect may be explained by general motivational biases or beliefs in a just world. In both cases, we find evidence against these explanations. Study 4 shows that the impact of moral judgments cannot be explained by changes in the perception of descriptive psychological states. Finally, Study 5 compares the impact of moral and non-moral value, and provides evidence that unlike non-moral value, moral value is part of the criteria that govern the ordinary concept of happiness. Taken together, these studies provide a specific explanation of how and why the ordinary concept of happiness deviates from the definition used by researchers studying happiness.

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“…The measures were response time, the distance travelled by the mouse cursor (scaled so that a straight line from the start point to the response corresponds to 1 unit), the number of times the cursor was moved during a trial (with movements defined as windows of 100 msec or more in motion, separated by 100 msec or more not moving), and the closest proximity achieved between the cursor and the non-chosen option (closest proximity to the heuristic response option on trials where the correct option was chosen, and vice versa). These measures were compared using linear mixed models, with crossed random intercepts for each participant, and each problem (see Baayen, Davidson, & Bates, 2008). Response latencies, and the distance travelled by the mouse cursor were logtransformed to normalize their distributions, and a generalized mixed model with a Poisson log link was used to model the number of movements.…”

Section: By-trial Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

The time course of conflict on the Cognitive Reflection Test

2016

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Reasoning that is deliberative and reflective often requires the inhibition of intuitive responses.The Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) is designed to assess people's ability to suppress incorrect heuristic responses in favor of deliberation. Correct responding on the CRT predicts performance on a range of tasks in which intuitive processes lead to incorrect responses, suggesting indirectly that CRT performance is related to cognitive control. Yet little is known about the cognitive processes underlying performance on the CRT. In the current research, we employed a novel mouse tracking methodology to capture the time-course of reasoning on the CRT. Analysis of mouse cursor trajectories revealed that participants were initially drawn towards the incorrect (i.e., intuitive) option even when the correct (deliberative) option was ultimately chosen.Conversely, participants were not attracted to the correct option when they ultimately chose the incorrect intuitive one. We conclude that intuitive processes are activated automatically on the CRT and must be inhibited in order to respond correctly. When participants responded intuitively, there was no evidence that deliberative reasoning had become engaged.

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Mixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects for subjects and items

Cited by 6,934 publications

References 46 publications

A task-dependent causal role for low-level visual processes in spoken word comprehension.

A task-dependent causal role for low-level visual processes in spoken word comprehension.

True happiness: The role of morality in the folk concept of happiness.

The time course of conflict on the Cognitive Reflection Test

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