Mix design concepts for 3D printable concrete: A review

Zhang, Chao; Nerella, Venkatesh Naidu; Krishna, Anurag; Wang, Shen; Zhang, Yamei; Banthia, Nemkumar

doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2021.104155

Cited by 190 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 132 publications

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“…These contours can not only be used to predict the performances of 3D-AAFS mortar through its mix proportion, but can also be used to optimize the mix proportion to achieve the designed properties. For example, the interlayer bond strength of 3D printing material was suggested to be higher than ~6 MPa, and the dry shrinkage of alkaline-activated materials should be lower than ~0.09% [ 43 , 54 , 56 , 60 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 ]. In practice, t E is always required to be larger than 1 h [ 29 , 80 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, the interlayer bond strength of 3D printing material was suggested to be higher than ~6 MPa, and the dry shrinkage of alkaline-activated materials should be lower than ~0.09% [ 43 , 54 , 56 , 60 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 ]. In practice, t E is always required to be larger than 1 h [ 29 , 80 ]. From the contours of each property, three critical lines of each property could be acquired to meet these required values, as shown in Figure 13 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The overlapping area of three different areas in Figure 13 is regarded as the optimal mix proportion of AAFS mortar for 3D printing manufacturing, i.e., the optimum s/b ratio, FA/GGBS mass ratio, and silicate modulus are 0.8~1.0, 2.2~2.6, and 0.5~1.0, respectively. tE is always required to be larger than 1 h [29,80]. From the contours of each property, three critical lines of each property could be acquired to meet these required values, as shown in Figure 13.…”

Section: Mixture Design Of 3d-aafs Mortar Using the Simplex Centroid ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Factors Influencing the Properties of Extrusion-Based 3D-Printed Alkali-Activated Fly Ash-Slag Mortar

et al. 2022

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The mix proportioning of extrusion-based 3D-printed cementitious material should balance printability and hardened properties. This paper investigated the effects of three key mix proportion parameters of 3D-printed alkali-activated fly ash/slag (3D-AAFS) mortar, i.e., the sand to binder (s/b) ratio, fly ash/ground granulated blast-furnace slag (FA/GGBS) ratio, and silicate modulus (Ms) of the activator, on extrudability, buildability, interlayer strength, and drying shrinkage. The results showed that the loss of extrudability and the development of buildability were accelerated by increasing the s/b ratio, decreasing the FA/GGBS ratio, or using a lower Ms activator. A rise in the s/b ratio improved the interlayer strength and reduces the drying shrinkage. Although increasing the FA/GGBS mass ratio from 1 to 3 led to a reduction of 35% in the interlayer bond strength, it decreased the shrinkage strain by half. A larger silicate modulus was beneficial to the interlayer bond strength, but it made shrinkage more serious. Moreover, a simple centroid design method was developed for optimizing the mix proportion of 3D-AAFS mortar to simultaneously meet the requirements of printability and hardened properties.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mixture Design Of 3d-aafs Mortar Using the Simplex Centroid ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Factors Influencing the Properties of Extrusion-Based 3D-Printed Alkali-Activated Fly Ash-Slag Mortar

et al. 2022

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“…As there is many cement and admixtures available, as well as process variables, articles on mix design strategies are needed, especially to achieve the promise of 3D printing (faster and safer construction, lower embodied carbon in structures, resource efficiency for sustainability) . In most studies, the mixture proportion is frequently given directly, with no design method or explanation of how the parameters were obtained 11 . The two main methodologies proposed are the empirical mix design, such as the trial-and-error [12][13][14] , and the mix design following a rheological model 15,16 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Automating mix design for 3D concrete printing using optimization methods

Sergis

Ouellet‐Plamondon

2022

Digital Discovery

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“…[ 7 ]. In 3DP applications, fresh material must have relatively low viscosity and moderate yield stress [ 8 ]: a low viscosity allows the material to flow through pipes (for printer feeding), but a minimum viscosity is desired to ensure cohesiveness; the yield stress must be enough to provide a stiffness that resists the gravity-induced stress from the above layers [ 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of TiO2 Nanoparticles on the Fresh Performance of 3D-Printed Cementitious Materials

et al. 2022

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3D printing (3DP) of cementitious materials shows several advantages compared to conventional construction methods, but it requires specific fresh-state properties. Nanomaterials have been used in cement-based materials to achieve specific fresh and hardened properties, being potential candidates for 3DP applications. However, there are no reports on using TiO2 nanoparticles (nano-TiO2) in 3DP cementitious composites. Thus, the current work aims to assess the effect of nano-TiO2 on the fresh performance of 3DP cementitious materials. For this purpose, nano-TiO2 was incorporated in pastes and mortars from 0 to 1.5 wt.%. Time-resolved hydration (in situ XRD) and rheological and printing-related properties (buildability and printability) were evaluated. Results showed that nano-TiO2 particles enhanced the cement hydration kinetics, leading to further ettringite formation up to 140 min compared to plain cement paste. Rheological measurements showed that the nano-TiO2 incorporation progressively increased the static and dynamic stress, viscosity, and structuration rate of pastes. Furthermore, nano-TiO2 improved the buildability of the composites, progressively increasing the maximum number of successive layers printed before failure from 11 (0 wt.% TiO2) to 64 (1.5 wt.% TiO2). By contrast, the nano-TiO2 addition reduced the printability (i.e., the printable period during which the sample was able to be molded by the 3D-printing process) from 140 min (0% TiO2) to 90 min (1.5% TiO2). Thus, incorporating “high” nano-TiO2 contents (e.g., >1 wt.%) was beneficial for buildability but would require a quicker 3DP process. The adoption of nano-TiO2 contents of around 0.75–1.00% may be an interesting choice since it reduced the printability of paste by 30 min compared with the control mix but allowed for printing 24 layers (118% higher than plain mortar).

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Mix design concepts for 3D printable concrete: A review

Cited by 190 publications

References 132 publications

Factors Influencing the Properties of Extrusion-Based 3D-Printed Alkali-Activated Fly Ash-Slag Mortar

Factors Influencing the Properties of Extrusion-Based 3D-Printed Alkali-Activated Fly Ash-Slag Mortar

Automating mix design for 3D concrete printing using optimization methods

Effect of TiO2 Nanoparticles on the Fresh Performance of 3D-Printed Cementitious Materials

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