Mitonuclear Interactions in the Maintenance of Mitochondrial Integrity

Karakaidos, Panagiotis; Ράμπιας, Θεόδωρος

doi:10.3390/life10090173

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 273 publications

(298 reference statements)

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“…The mtDNA encodes 13 proteins for OXPHOS complexes and 24 encode for RNA molecules (22 tRNAs and two rRNAs), besides containing non-coding regions such as the displacement loop (D-loop), where the sequences for the initiation of replication and transcription are located [ 206 ]. Mitochondria also need 1200–1400 nuclei-encoded proteins for their overall functioning, a process controlled by mitonuclear communication, which is crucial for the performance of both parties and the consequent cellular balance, including energy generation [ 207 , 208 ]. For instance, the ETC comprises five protein complexes (I-V), of which four (complexes I, III, IV and V) are encoded by both the mitochondrial genome (mtGenome) and the nuclear genome, and one (complex II) is encoded exclusively by the nuclear genome [ 205 , 209 ].…”

Section: Mitochondrial Genetics and Epigenetics In Parkinson’s Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Nuclear and Mitochondrial Genome, Epigenome and Gut Microbiome: Emerging Molecular Biomarkers for Parkinson’s Disease

Cabral

Schaan

Cavalcante

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is currently the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, burdening about 10 million elderly individuals worldwide. The multifactorial nature of PD poses a difficult obstacle for understanding the mechanisms involved in its onset and progression. Currently, diagnosis depends on the appearance of clinical signs, some of which are shared among various neurologic disorders, hindering early diagnosis. There are no effective tools to prevent PD onset, detect the disease in early stages or accurately report the risk of disease progression. Hence, there is an increasing demand for biomarkers that may identify disease onset and progression, as treatment-based medicine may not be the best approach for PD. Over the last few decades, the search for molecular markers to predict susceptibility, aid in accurate diagnosis and evaluate the progress of PD have intensified, but strategies aimed to improve individualized patient care have not yet been established. Conclusions: Genomic variation, regulation by epigenomic mechanisms, as well as the influence of the host gut microbiome seem to have a crucial role in the onset and progress of PD, thus are considered potential biomarkers. As such, the human nuclear and mitochondrial genome, epigenome, and the host gut microbiome might be the key elements to the rise of personalized medicine for PD patients.

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Section: Mitochondrial Genetics and Epigenetics In Parkinson’s Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Nuclear and Mitochondrial Genome, Epigenome and Gut Microbiome: Emerging Molecular Biomarkers for Parkinson’s Disease

Cabral

Schaan

Cavalcante

et al. 2021

IJMS

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“…[ 29 ] Of the 1400 odd proteins that build a mitochondrion, only very few are still expressed from the mitochondrial genome. [ 30 ] Their precise number varies among species, bilaterian animal mitochondria typically have 13 protein‐coding genes while angiosperms have about 24 such genes. [ 31 ] This transfer is called Endosymbiont Gene Transfer (EGT).…”

Section: Eukaryogenesis – Archaea and Bacteria Join Forces And Genomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Were eukaryotes made by sex?

Brandeis

2021

BioEssays

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I hypothesize that the appearance of sex facilitated the merging of the endosymbiont and host genomes during early eukaryote evolution. Eukaryotes were formed by symbiosis between a bacterium that entered an archaeon, eventually giving rise to mitochondria. This entry was followed by the gradual transfer of most bacterial endosymbiont genes into the archaeal host genome. I argue that the merging of the mitochondrial genes into the host genome was vital for the evolution of genuine eukaryotes. At the time this process commenced it was unprecedented and required a novel mechanism. I suggest that this mechanism was meiotic sex, and that its appearance might have been THE crucial step that enabled the evolution of proper eukaryotes from early endosymbiont containing proto-eukaryotes. Sex might continue to be essential today for keeping genome insertions in check. Also see the video

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“…There is also a transcription protein synthesized in the cytoplasm of cells, called mitochondrial transcription factor (TFAM), which plays a fundamental role in the maintenance of mitochondrial proteins, both in transcription and in the replication of this organelle [21] . However, not only do these factors interact in maintaining the health of mitochondria, but their own genome also has a strong interaction for the preservation of their structures [22] .…”

Section: Mitochondrial Biogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mitochondrial genome, unlike the nuclear genome, is circular and has 16,569 DNA base pairs, whereas the nuclear genome contains 3.3 billion DNA base pairs [22,23] . The mitochondrial genome is made up of only 37 genes [23] .…”

Section: Mitochondrial Genomementioning

confidence: 99%

Mitochondrial Metabolism, Dysfunctions in Senescence Cell and the Possible Interventions through Herbal Medicines

2021

IJOAR

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The mitochondria are the cell`s powerhouse. They are considered ubiquitous organelles of all eukaryotic cells, being responsible for the cell’s life and death cycle. Through stimuli in the environment in which they live, mitochondria can modulate their own biogenesis as well as signal retrograde to the nucleus to modify the structure of their proteins. Since the mitochondrial genome contains only 37 genes, much of the encoding of its proteins depends on the nuclear genome. Thus, the communication between mitochondria and the nucleus seems to be a target of science in understanding the pathologies associated with this organelle. Some medicinal herbs have been shown to influence mitochondrial biogenesis, such as Gynostemma pentaphyllun (GP) and berberine, which increase the phosphorylation of proteins AMPactivated protein kinase (AMPK). Just as GP and berberine phosphorylate AMPK in signaling for mitochondrial biogenesis, the sesquiterpene beta-caryophyllene (BCP) demonstrated positive results in reorganizing mitochondrial transcription factors, being an agonist of the peroxisome proliferatoractivated alpha receptor (PPAR-α). Another plant derivative, the non-psychoactive cannabinoid known as cannabidiol (CBD), has been showing control in the metabolism of calcium in the mitochondrial matrix. In this review, we seek to get a closer look at the biochemical mechanisms of action of some of these plants, as well as their synergies in the results of different treatments. In the view of oriental medicines, the use of associated medicinal herbs has always been part of their treatment protocols. However, the effectiveness of these treatments in relation to plant synergy can be observed in future clinical trials for better understanding.

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Mitonuclear Interactions in the Maintenance of Mitochondrial Integrity

Cited by 14 publications

References 273 publications

Nuclear and Mitochondrial Genome, Epigenome and Gut Microbiome: Emerging Molecular Biomarkers for Parkinson’s Disease

Nuclear and Mitochondrial Genome, Epigenome and Gut Microbiome: Emerging Molecular Biomarkers for Parkinson’s Disease

Were eukaryotes made by sex?

Mitochondrial Metabolism, Dysfunctions in Senescence Cell and the Possible Interventions through Herbal Medicines

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