Mitochondrial-targeting and NIR-responsive Mn3O4@PDA@Pd-SS31 nanozymes reduce oxidative stress and reverse mitochondrial dysfunction to alleviate osteoarthritis

Nano-enzyme hydrogels for cartilage repair effectiveness based on ternary strategy therapy

“…Mitochondria are the main organelles in cells that produce ROS, and scavenging ROS is a viable treatment for OA. 2 Because excessive ROS causes mitochondrial dysfunction and disrupts homeostasis in CHO cells, leading to changes in membrane potential (Δ ψ m ) and abnormal calcium regulation. These dysfunctions, in turn, further induce a “vicious cycle” of ROS and promote the development of OA.…”

“…Osteoarthritis (OA) is globally known to be a highly prevalent degenerative disease of cartilage and is recognized by the medical community as one of today's major public health problems. 1,2 According to preliminary statistics, more than 250 million people worldwide suffer from this disease each year and end up with up to ∼41% disability. 2,3 A recent study reported that with the rapid growth of the aging population, nearly 25% of adults are expected to have OA by 2030.…”

“…1,2 According to preliminary statistics, more than 250 million people worldwide suffer from this disease each year and end up with up to ∼41% disability. 2,3 A recent study reported that with the rapid growth of the aging population, nearly 25% of adults are expected to have OA by 2030. 4 Despite the high prevalence and disability caused by OA, there is a lack of effective methods to target the management of this widespread disease.…”

“…6 Recently, scavenging the ROS generated by oxidative stress in chondrocytes (CHOs) has been recognized as the most promising approach for the treatment of OA. 2,7–10 However, the biggest bottleneck in clinical practice is how to achieve sustained and efficient ROS removal, reducing damage to CHOs to rebuild cartilage structure and function.…”