Mitochondrial Function and Dynamics Imaged In Vivo

Abstract

The previous chapters have described the extraordinary depth of knowledge of mitochondrial biology revealed by in vitro observations where the environment can be closely controlled. However, in recent years there has been increased interest in the study of mitochondria in vivo, where their properties can be studied with high spatial and temporal resolution while ensuring that key factors such as the oxygen and glucose concentrations are physiologically accurate. Advances facilitating such in vivo research include improved microscope systems and mitochondrially targeted dyes, as well as a wide range of transgenic animals expressing fl uorescent proteins. Such in vivo observations provide a more realistic picture of mitochondrial involvement in health and disease and also offer the potential to reveal novel targets for therapeutic interventions. For example, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and alterations in mitochondrial morphology and traffi cking have been reported in mouse models of multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease, and redox potential changes have been reported during (patho)physiological changes in oxygen supply and demand.In this chapter we summarise some techniques used in imaging of mitochondria in vivo, followed by a summary of key fi ndings and recent advances in the study of mitochondrial function and dynamics. We aim to provide insight into the benefi ts and limitations of intravital imaging of mitochondria in the nervous system.