Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Neurodegenerative Disorders: Role of Nutritional Supplementation

Abstract

Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multisystem atrophy, and progressive supranuclear palsy. This article is concerned specifically with mitochondrial dysfunction as defined by reduced capacity for ATP production, the role of depleted levels of key nutritionally related metabolites, and the potential benefit of supplementation with specific nutrients of relevance to normal mitochondrial function in the above neurodegenerative disorders. The article provides a rationale for a combination of CoQ10, B-vitamins/NADH, L-carnitine, vitamin D, and alpha-lipoic acid for the treatment of the above neurodegenerative disorders.

Innovative Cyanine-Based Fluorescent Dye for Targeted Mitochondrial Imaging and Its Utility in Whole-Brain Visualization

“…The combined organic layers were then evaporated until they dried out, resulting in a yield of 4.0 g of compound 2 (83%), which was a brownish liquid. 1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ ppm 1.26 (s, 6H), 2.24 (s, 3H), 7.15 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (dd, J = 8.9, 4.1 Hz, 2H), 7.51 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H). 13…”

“…The mixture was then refluxed under nitrogen protection for 48 h. After evaporation with a rotatory evaporator, the crude residue was washed with ether to obtain compound 3 as an orange powder, with a yield of 4.2 g (89%). 1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ (ppm): 1.54− 1.58 (m, 9H), 3.06 (s, 3H), 4.66 (m, 2H), 7.51 (m, 3H), 7.54 (m, 1H).…”

“…The obtained residue was then washed with ether to yield compound 4 (3.12 g, 78%) as a gray solid. 1 H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm 1.37 (d, J = 17.5 Hz, 2H), 1.51 (m, 6H), 1.82 (p, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H), 2.19 (q, J = 6.7, 6.1 Hz, 2H), 2.47 (td, J = 3. To a stirring solution of compound 3 (1 g, 3.2 mmol) in acetic acid and acetic anhydride, compound 1 (1 g, 3.8 mmol) was added and refluxed under N 2 for 1 h. After cooling to room temperature, a solution of compound 4 (2.0 g, 5 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine was added to the mixture and continued stirring under N 2 at room temperature overnight.…”

Rationale for a Multi-Factorial Approach for the Reversal of Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer’s Disease and MCI: A Review

“…Long-term supplementation with anti-oxidant vitamins and mineral supplements is the most promising area for future research. Supplements including but not limited to ß-carotene, vitamin B12, folate (vitamin B9), vitamin B6, vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, zinc, omega 3-fatty acids, glutathione, coenzyme Q10, alpha lipoic acid, choline, phosphatidylserine, and acetyl-L-carnitine may (a) improve short term memory in aging patients who have difficulty with recall, (b) improve the memory of patients with SCI or MCI, (c) help reverse some of the degenerative changes in brain function, and (d) prevent age-related mental decline and slow the progression of AD [ 258 , 259 , 260 , 261 , 262 , 263 , 264 , 265 , 266 , 267 , 268 , 269 , 270 ].…”

Engineering Exosomes to Specifically Target the Mitochondria of Brain Cells

“…These powerhouses of the cell are responsible for producing energy and regulating cellular metabolism, making them crucial components of overall cellular health. Dysfunctional mitochondria have been linked to various diseases, including myocardial infarction, hypertension, AD, PD, and brain tumors . There are several reasons why targeting mitochondria may be beneficial in treating these conditions. , For instance, enhancing ATP production can help restore energy balance within cells, which is often disrupted in neurodegenerative diseases .…”