Mitochondrial DNA and their nuclear copies in parasitic waspPteromalus puparum: A comparative analysis in Chalcidoidea

Abstract

Chalcidoidea (chalcidoid wasps) are an abundant and megadiverse insect 17 group with both ecological and economical importance. Here we report a complete 18 mitochondrial genome in Chalcidoidea from Pteromalus puparum (Pteromalidae). 19Eight tandem repeats followed by 6 reversed repeats were detected in its 3,308 bp 20 control region. This long and complex control region may explain failures of amplifying 21 and sequencing of complete mitochondrial genomes in some chalcidoids. In addition to 22 37 typical mitochondrial genes, an extra identical isoleucine tRNA (trnI) was detected. 23 We speculate this recent mitochondrial gene duplication indicates that gene 24 arrangements in chalcidoids are ongoing. A comparison among available chalcidoid 25 mitochondrial genomes, reveals rapid gene order rearrangements overall, and high 26 substitution rate in P. puparum. In addition, we identified 24 nuclear sequences of 27 mitochondrial origin (NUMTs) in P. puparum, summing up to 9,989 bp, with 3,617 bp 28 of these NUMTs originating from mitochondrial coding regions. NUMTs abundance in 29 P. puparum is only one-twelfth of that in its relative, Nasonia vitripennis. Based on 30 phylogenetic analysis, we provide evidence that a faster nuclear degradation rate 31 contributes to the reduced NUMT numbers in P. puparum. Overall, our study shows 32 unusually high rates of mitochondrial evolution and considerable variation in NUMT 33 accumulation in Chalcidoidea. 34

Tracking the Distribution and Burst of Nuclear Mitochondrial DNA Sequences (NUMTs) in Fig Wasp Genomes

“…This is the first detailed and systematic comparative study of the number and distribution of NUMTs at the genomic level in multiple species of Hymenoptera. By summarizing the NUMT data obtained from whole genome scan in 35 insects, including the 11 fig wasp species in this study; four other Hymenoptera species; and 20 species from other orders of Diptera, Lepidoptera, and Coleoptera [ 8 , 9 , 11 , 22 , 40 ], we find that the average number, length, and proportion of NUMTs in the genome are all significantly higher in Hymenoptera than in other insects (Wilcoxon test, p < 0.05) ( Figure 6 ). These results further support the previous report that NUMTs may be more common in Hymenoptera than in other insect genomes [ 11 ].…”

The mitochondrial genome of parasitic wasp: Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard, 1881) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)

“…The mitochondrial genome of A. calandrae consists of 15,954 bp in length with 82.9% of A þ T (accession number MW817149), containing 13 PCGs (ATP6, ATP8, COXI-III, NAD1-6, NAD4L, and CYTB), two rRNAs genes (srRNA and lrRNA), and interspersed 22 tRNAs genes. The order of the mitochondrial genes is identical to that of another species of Chalcidoidae (Pteromalus puparum), including "cox1-trnL2-cox2-trnK-trnD-atp8-atp6-cox3" and "trnA-rrnL-trnL1-nad1" block shared in chalcidoid (Shimada and Fujii 1985;Yan et al 2019). Furthermore, a non-coding region was found inserted between "trnA-rrnL" and "trnA2-CYTB.…”

Detection of Centistes sp. (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) from intercepted Diabrotica undecimpunctata (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) using CO1 DNA barcodes and larval morphology

“…The differences in life stage between larval Centistes and adult Diabrotica may underlie differences in mtDNA copy number as has been shown in different life stages of female Drosophila (Salminen et al 2017). Transfer of genes from the mitochondria to the nucleus, which is known for CO1 in several parasitoid wasps (Viljakainen et al 2010;Yan et al 2019), might also explain increases in CO1 read number between parasitoid and host by increasing the total number of CO1 copies per cell. Lastly a wide variety of parasitoid induced alterations of host metabolism have been described (Mrinalini et al 2015;Wang et al 2021) and may in turn affect the copy number of host mitochondria.…”