Mitochondrial DNA: A Key Regulator of Anti-Microbial Innate Immunity

Kausar, Saima; Yang, Liqun; Abbas, Muhammad Nadeem; Hu, Xin; Zhao, Yongju; Zhu, Yong; Cui, Hongjuan

doi:10.3390/genes11010086

Cited by 24 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 164 publications

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“…Host DNA (nuclear or mitochondrial) is released into the cytosol following damage of the membrane integrity resulting from pathological stimulations, which acts as a trigger in AIM2-dependent innate immunity ( 6 , 30 ). For example, during cellular stress or carcinogenesis, the integrity of nuclear envelope is transiently disrupted, leading to the cytosolic presence of host DNA that is directly recognized by AIM2 ( 31 ).…”

Section: Aim2 Recognizes Host and Pathogen Dnamentioning

confidence: 99%

AIM2 Inflammasome's First Decade of Discovery: Focus on Oral Diseases

et al. 2020

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A common feature of many acute and chronic oral diseases is microbial-induced inflammation. Innate immune responses are the first line of defense against pathogenic microorganisms and are initiated by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that specifically recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns and danger-associated molecular patterns. The activation of certain PRRs can lead to the assembly of macromolecular oligomers termed inflammasomes, which are responsible for pro-inflammatory cytokine maturation and secretion and thus activate host inflammatory responses. About 10 years ago, the absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) was independently discovered by four research groups, and among the "canonical" inflammasomes [including AIM2, NLR family pyrin domain (NLRP)1, NLRP3, NLR family apoptosis inhibitory protein (NAIP)/NLR family, caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD) containing (NLRC)4, and pyrin], AIM2 so far is the only one that simultaneously acts as a cytosolic DNA sensor due to its DNA-binding ability. Undoubtedly, such a double-faceted role gives AIM2 greater mission and more potential in the mediation of innate immune responses. Therefore, AIM2 has garnered much attention from the broad scientific community during its first 10 years of discovery (2009-2019). How the AIM2 inflammasome is related to oral diseases has aroused debate over the past few years and is under active investigation. AIM2 inflammasome may potentially be a key link between oral diseases and innate immunity. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge of the AIM2 inflammasome and its critical role in the pathogenesis of various oral diseases, which might offer future possibilities for disease prevention and targeted therapy utilizing this continued understanding.

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Section: Aim2 Recognizes Host and Pathogen Dnamentioning

confidence: 99%

AIM2 Inflammasome's First Decade of Discovery: Focus on Oral Diseases

et al. 2020

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“…Some polymorphisms could be under co-evolution between nuclear and mitochondrial proteins due to environmental and intergenomic interactions 69 . In this context, there is strong evidence that mitochondrial protein coding genes play a central role in the regulation of several cellular activities, acting in conjunction with the innate immune response, particularly with respect to antibacterial immunity 16 , 70 . OXPHOS is the main cellular source of ROS and, under specific metabolic or stress conditions, the process augments mitochondrial superoxide generation 17 , 71 , resulting in high levels of oxidative stress within the cell 72 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Positive selection over the mitochondrial genome and its role in the diversification of gentoo penguins in response to adaptation in isolation

Noll

León

Brandt

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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Although mitochondrial DNA has been widely used in phylogeography, evidence has emerged that factors such as climate, food availability, and environmental pressures that produce high levels of stress can exert a strong influence on mitochondrial genomes, to the point of promoting the persistence of certain genotypes in order to compensate for the metabolic requirements of the local environment. As recently discovered, the gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) comprise four highly divergent lineages across their distribution spanning the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic regions. Gentoo penguins therefore represent a suitable animal model to study adaptive processes across divergent environments. Based on 62 mitogenomes that we obtained from nine locations spanning all four gentoo penguin lineages, we demonstrated lineage-specific nucleotide substitutions for various genes, but only lineage-specific amino acid replacements for the ND1 and ND5 protein-coding genes. Purifying selection (dN/dS < 1) is the main driving force in the protein-coding genes that shape the diversity of mitogenomes in gentoo penguins. Positive selection (dN/dS > 1) was mostly present in codons of the Complex I (NADH genes), supported by two different codon-based methods at the ND1 and ND4 in the most divergent lineages, the eastern gentoo penguin from Crozet and Marion Islands and the southern gentoo penguin from Antarctica respectively. Additionally, ND5 and ATP6 were under selection in the branches of the phylogeny involving all gentoo penguins except the eastern lineage. Our study suggests that local adaptation of gentoo penguins has emerged as a response to environmental variability promoting the fixation of mitochondrial haplotypes in a non-random manner. Mitogenome adaptation is thus likely to have been associated with gentoo penguin diversification across the Southern Ocean and to have promoted their survival in extreme environments such as Antarctica. Such selective processes on the mitochondrial genome may also be responsible for the discordance detected between nuclear- and mitochondrial-based phylogenies of gentoo penguin lineages.

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“…albitarsis G clades, respectively. These properties have the potential to influence residue water solubility and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which can influence an organism’s longevity and immune response [ 73 – 75 ] and defense against viral and microbial pathogens [ 76 , 77 ]. Such positive selection may have played an important role in the rapid diversification and adaptation in the complex, which occurred across much of the southern Americas over a comparatively short period of time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic analysis of the Neotropical Albitarsis Complex based on mitogenome data

et al. 2021

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Background Some of the most important malaria vectors in South America belong to the Albitarsis Complex (Culicidae; Anophelinae; Anopheles). Understanding the origin, nature, and geographical distribution of species diversity in this important complex has important implications for vector incrimination, control, and management, and for modelling future responses to climate change, deforestation, and human population expansion. This study attempts to further explore species diversity and evolutionary history in the Albitarsis Complex by undertaking a characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the mitogenome of all 10 putative taxa in the Albitarsis Complex. Methods Mitogenome assembly and annotation allowed for feature comparison among Albitarsis Complex and Anopheles species. Selection analysis was conducted across all 13 protein-coding genes. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods were used to construct gene and species trees, respectively. Bayesian methods were also used to jointly estimate species delimitation and species trees. Results Gene composition and order were conserved across species within the complex. Unique signatures of positive selection were detected in two species—Anopheles janconnae and An. albitarsis G—which may have played a role in the recent and rapid diversification of the complex. The COI gene phylogeny does not fully recover the mitogenome phylogeny, and a multispecies coalescent-based phylogeny shows that considerable uncertainty exists through much of the mitogenome species tree. The origin of divergence in the complex dates to the Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary, and divergence within the distinct northern South American clade is estimated at approximately 1 million years ago. Neither the phylogenetic trees nor the delimitation approach rejected the 10-species hypothesis, although the analyses could not exclude the possibility that four putative species with scant a priori support (An. albitarsis G, An. albitarsis H, An. albitarsis I, and An. albitarsis J), represent population-level, rather than species-level, splits. Conclusion The lack of resolution in much of the species tree and the limitations of the delimitation analysis warrant future studies on the complex using genome-wide data and the inclusion of additional specimens, particularly from two putative species, An. albitarsis I and An. albitarsis J. Graphical Abstract

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Mitochondrial DNA: A Key Regulator of Anti-Microbial Innate Immunity

Cited by 24 publications

References 164 publications

AIM2 Inflammasome's First Decade of Discovery: Focus on Oral Diseases

AIM2 Inflammasome's First Decade of Discovery: Focus on Oral Diseases

Positive selection over the mitochondrial genome and its role in the diversification of gentoo penguins in response to adaptation in isolation

Phylogenetic analysis of the Neotropical Albitarsis Complex based on mitogenome data

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