Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase is not the primary acceptor for near infrared light—it is mitochondrial bound water: the principles of low-level light therapy

Sommer, Andrei P.

doi:10.21037/atm.2019.01.43

Cited by 66 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…A recent editorial [13] from Sommer in Ulm, Germany suggested that the effects of red and NIR light (especially pulsed at low frequency such as 1 Hz) on the interfacial water layers (IWL) inside cells could be an alternative explanation. If these IWL were inside the mitochondria, then the lowering of viscosity as a result of the energy absorption, could allow the molecular rotor, which is ATP synthase, to rotate faster and produce more ATP.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Pbmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One answer may lie in the concept of 'nanostructured water' or 'interfacial water' elaborated by Pollack [29][30][31]. This exclusion zone (EZ) water (which may be the same as the IWL discussed above [13] absorbs optical radiation which produces distinct physical changes in parameters such as viscosity and pH. Since the EZ water layers occur on intracellular membranes, it is reasonable to suggest that ion channels embedded within these membranes (for instance in mitochondria), may be triggered by these physical changes.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Pbmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of the first human trials of tPBM for AD to be reported, was reported by Saltmarche et al [149] who treated a case series of five patients diagnosed with mild to moderately severe dementia (Mini-Mental State Exam, MMSE, scores of [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. The study used the Vielight alpha (810 nm, 10 Hz pulsed, LEDs) that combines transcranial plus intranasal PBM to treat the cortical nodes of the default mode network (bilateral mesial prefrontal cortex, precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex, angular gyrus, and hippocampus).…”

Section: Clinical Trials Of Pbm In Ad and Dementiamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Photobiomodulation for Alzheimer’s Disease: Has the Light Dawned?

Hamblin

2019

Photonics

101

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Next to cancer, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and dementia is probably the most worrying health problem facing the Western world today. A large number of clinical trials have failed to show any benefit of the tested drugs in stabilizing or reversing the steady decline in cognitive function that is suffered by dementia patients. Although the pathological features of AD consisting of beta-amyloid plaques and tau tangles are well established, considerable debate exists concerning the genetic or lifestyle factors that predispose individuals to developing dementia. Photobiomodulation (PBM) describes the therapeutic use of red or near-infrared light to stimulate healing, relieve pain and inflammation, and prevent tissue from dying. In recent years PBM has been applied for a diverse range of brain disorders, frequently applied in a non-invasive manner by shining light on the head (transcranial PBM). The present review discusses the mechanisms of action of tPBM in the brain, and summarizes studies that have used tPBM to treat animal models of AD. The results of a limited number of clinical trials that have used tPBM to treat patients with AD and dementia are discussed.

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Section: Mechanisms Of Pbmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mechanisms Of Pbmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Clinical Trials Of Pbm In Ad and Dementiamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Photobiomodulation for Alzheimer’s Disease: Has the Light Dawned?

Hamblin

2019

Photonics

101

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“…It is largely attributed to the absorption of IRA photons of specific wavelengths by the mitochondrial CCO, causing its dissociation from the inhibitory nitric oxide (NO) and increasing oxygen consumption and ATP synthesis [35,36]. However, a full agreement in this regard does not yet exist [37]. The biochemical cascade triggered by IRA photons absorption leads to ROS production, activation of NF-kB (Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell) pathway, modulation of gene expression and, ultimately, cell proliferation, tissue repair and remodelling (including extracellular matrix synthesis).…”

Section: Iramentioning

confidence: 99%

Balance between Health Risks and Benefits for Outdoor Workers Exposed to Solar Radiation: An Overview on the Role of Near Infrared Radiation Alone and in Combination with Other Solar Spectral Bands

Grandi

D’Ovidio

2020

IJERPH

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Near infrared or infrared A (IRA) accounts for over 40% of the solar spectrum (SS) and is able to reach subcutaneous tissue as well as the retina. Outdoor workers are occupationally exposed to solar radiation (SR), but the level of exposure may differ widely depending on the job performed, time spent outdoors, latitude, altitude, season, personal protection, etc. Until now, risk assessment and management for outdoor workers has focused on the prevention of both acute and long-term effects on the eye and the skin due to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) with little consideration of the other components of the SS (a possible exception is represented by visible radiation with reference to the eye). A growing body of evidence coming from in vitro studies indicates that IRA is involved in cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and may interfere with the respiratory chain in the mitochondria. Moreover, it can modulate gene expression and some metabolic pathways. The biological action of IRA is only partly attributable to a thermal mechanism, should it be also involved in photochemical ones. The cellular and molecular pathways affected by IRA are partly similar and partly different with respect to those involved in the case of visible ultraviolet A (UVA) and ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation. Consequently, the net effect of the SS is very difficult to predict at different levels of the biological organization, making more difficult the final balance of health risk and benefits (for the skin, eye, immune system, blood pressure, etc.) in a given exposure situation. Moreover, few in vivo studies and no epidemiological data are presently available in this regard. Investigating this topic may contribute to better defining the individual exposome. More practically, it is expected to bring benefits to the risk assessment and management for outdoor workers exposed to SS, contributing to: (1) better definition of the individual profiles of susceptibility, (2) more focused preventive and protective measures, (3) better implementation of the health surveillance and (4) a more effective information and training.

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“…For example, Lima et al (2019) demonstrated increased cellular proliferation after the administration of NIR PBM in cell lines and animal models with deficient COX expression. An alternative mechanism to augmenting COX activity has also been suggested by another study showing that enhanced mitochondrial energy production is the effect of a reduction in intra-mitochondrial water viscosity induced by NIR (Sommer, 2019). It is believed that the viscosity of the thin layer of water molecules on the inner side of the IMM, termed the interfacial water layer (IWL), influences the driving rate of ATP synthase-the enzyme that catalyzes ATP production in the mitochondria.…”

Section: Cytochrome C 2+mentioning

confidence: 99%