Mitochondria antioxidant protection against cardiovascular dysfunction programmed by early‐onset gestational hypoxia

Abstract

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Noninvasive Biomarkers for Cardiovascular Dysfunction Programmed in Male Offspring of Adverse Pregnancy

“… 47 , 48 Therefore, the level of hypoxic pregnancy induced is human clinically relevant. Exposing pregnant Wistar rats to 13% to 14% O 2 from days 6 to 20 of gestation does not reduce maternal food intake, 1 , 9 , 43 allowing the effect of hypoxia to be assessed independent of changes in maternal nutrition. Maternal hypoxia was initiated on day 6, as significant pregnancy loss can be triggered if initiated before this time point.…”

“…Previous rodent studies show that similar doses can be given safely long term and that these doses are protective in pathological models. 1 , 41 On day 20 of pregnancy, all dams were returned to normoxia and normal drinking water and allowed to litter naturally (days 21 and 22). At 2 days postnatal age, pups were sexed by measurement of anogenital distance, weighed, and litters reduced to 8 pups with an equal sex ratio to standardize feeding and maternal care.…”

“…No rats were euthanized for the purposes of this work. Following cardiovascular assessment, all rats were allocated to undergo further experimentation published previously, 1 after which they were euthanized by CO 2 inhalation and posterior cervical dislocation.…”

“…The femoral artery and vein were isolated under a dissecting microscope, and catheters prefilled with heparinized saline (100 U·mL −1 heparin in 0.9% NaCl) were introduced. 1 , 43 A customized Transonic flow probe (0.7 PSL Back Exit NanoProbe; Transonic, United States) was implanted around the femoral artery of the contralateral leg, and the flow probe and catheters were exteriorized at the shoulder with a dual-channel vascular access harness. 1 …”

“… 1 , 43 A customized Transonic flow probe (0.7 PSL Back Exit NanoProbe; Transonic, United States) was implanted around the femoral artery of the contralateral leg, and the flow probe and catheters were exteriorized at the shoulder with a dual-channel vascular access harness. 1 …”