Mitigation of space radiation effects on satellites at Low Earth Orbit (LEO)

Error Coverage, Reliability and Cost Analysis of Fault Tolerance Techniques for 32-bit Memories used on Space Missions

“…By inserting this same error pattern into the memory position (1,2), the same situation occurs, causing the DC variable to be incremented. This same result occurs in the first line up to the memory position (1,28), causing the simulation to have DC = 28, DNC = 0, and ND = 0. By inserting the error pattern in position (1,29), an undetected error will occur because the last four bits are not covered by any code Ham(7.4), causing the ND variable to be incremented.…”

“…In turn, this integration forces the reduction of the threshold voltage of the electronic devices, dramatically increasing the sensitivity of these devices to electromagnetic radiation. Thus, both in space and on earth, the content of memory cells, registers, latches, and flip-flops of ICs can be affected by the radioactive events [1][2][3][4] [5].…”

“…The combined effects of radiation, reduced voltage, and temperature reduce the operating margin of the circuits causing unexpected faults [9]. Consequently, the need to mitigate faults in these systems arises, aiming at avoiding unwanted behaviors [1] [2].…”

“…Thus, it was generated in the first position of the 8×32 (1,1) memory (i.e., the leftmost column and uppermost row bit). Then it was generated in position (1,2), next in position (1,3), and so on until the position (8,32), totaling 256 possibilities.…”

Intelligent read-out circuit for space radiation detection

“…Space radiation which consists of electromagnetic radiation and charged particles accelerated to high velocities can cause irreparable damage to the human body in long-duration humans space missions [11]- [13]. This radiation consists of atoms in which electrons have been stripped away as the atom accelerated approaching the speed of light in interstellar space-finally, only the nucleus of the atom remains [14]. Single-event effects are the phenomena that happened because space radiation affects the digital device in many areas [15], [16].…”