Mitigation of Relative Age Effects Through Targeted Policy Intervention: A Natural Experiment From Professional Tennis*

Wendling, Elodie; Mills, Brian M.

doi:10.1111/ssqu.12516

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Ribeiro et al [ 35 ] showing almost 60% female players in S1. Similar data were published also by Wendling and Mills [ 45 ], who found 56.6% born in S1 (“born before 1982” 56.6% and “born after 1982” 56.5%) among professional female players. Only in the whole group of U.S. women did the authors find a lower representation of players born in S1 (47.8%).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…In summary, it can be stated that the values of the relative number of senior female tennis players (top 100 WTA Rankings) born in S1 more or less correspond with the results of the quoted studies in the field of tennis (56.6–63.3%) both in individual years (53.0–63.0%) and in the whole period of 2007–2016 (58.4%). Only in a part of study by the authors Wendling and Mills [ 45 ], the number of U.S. women tennis players born in S1 differs significantly (47.8%, resp. 44.1%).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The relative age effect in top 100 elite female tennis players in 2007–2016

et al. 2022

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The Relative Age Effect (RAE) has been the subject of many studies, but few have focused on professional athletes in individual sports. The aim of this study was to verify the existence of the RAE among elite senior female tennis players (top 100 players) in the WTA Rankings (n = 1000) in the years 2007–2016. The analysis was performed among top 100, resp. top 10 female tennis players, among players in 4 age subgroups and among left-handed (LH) and right-handed (RH) players. The existence of the RAE was assessed with the use of chi-square test (goodness of fit). More than half of top 100 players were born in first semester: both in individual years (53.0–63.0%) and in the whole observed period (58.4%). Significant RAE (ES medium) was observed in top 100 female players only in 2012 and 2016; significant RAE (ES small) was detected in the period of 2007–2016. Among the top 10 players, significant RAE (ES medium) was demonstrated during the whole period. No significant RAE (ES medium) was detected in the 17–18y subgroups, significant in 19–24y and 25–30y (ES small) as well as in 31–36y (ES medium). Although significant RAE was observed in the subgroups of LH and RH female players, ES was large only in the LH. The results contribute to the expansion of the knowledge about the reduction of the RAE existence in adulthood among coaches, athletes and tennis officials.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relative age effect in top 100 elite female tennis players in 2007–2016

et al. 2022

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“…Většina prací se dnes zaměřuje na RAE především v oblasti fotbalu (Arslan, Köklü, Alemdaroğlu, & Gökçe, 2020;Götze & Hoppe, 2020;Li & et al, 2020;Roberts et al, 2020) a ledního hokeje (Bezuglov et al, 2020;Lemoyne, Huard Pelletier, Trudeau, & Grondin, 2021;Nykodým, Bozděch, Agricola, & Zháněl, 2020), které jsou nejoblíbenějšími týmovými sporty. Existuje však řada studií, které se zabývají RAE i v individuálních sportech, jako je tenis (Moreira, Lopes, Faria, & Albuquerque, 2017;Ulbricht, Fernandez-Fernandez, Mendez-Villanueva, & Ferrauti, 2015;Wendling & Mills, 2018) nebo lyžování (Bjerke, Lorås, Vorland, & Pedersen, 2020;Müller, Gonaus, Perner, Müller, & Raschner, 2017;Steidl-Müller, Hildebrandt, Raschner, & Müller, 2019). Autoři ale nevynechávají ani méně populární sporty jako např.…”

Section: úVodunclassified

The relative age effect in Czech orienteering runners

Agricola,

Poloprutská,

Růžička

2024

Studia Kinanthropologica

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The Relative Age Effect (RAE) is a phenomenon that strongly affects the sports development of youth. RAE refers to the disproportionately high percentage of athletes born at the beginning of the calendar (selection) year in sports selections. In recent years, there has been an increase in studies related to this issue, even in less popular sports. The number of studies in these sports is often insufficient, which hinders a comprehensive understanding of the RAE issue. The aim of the presented study was to determine the presence of RAE among the top orienteering male and female athletes (n = 469) in the categories of pupils, juniors, and youth (age categories U12-U20) in the Czech Republic. The data was obtained from the Orienteering Information System (ORIS). Based on the birthdate, the runners were categorized into quartiles (Qi ) and semesters (S i ). The resulting data was compared with the expected data for the individual parts of the year. The analysis was conducted using the Chi -square test (χ 2 test) in the Goodness-of-Fit version. The results showed that in the entire sample, more runners were born in the second half of the year. Similarly, this was the case in the individual categories, except for the age category U16 and U18. In the category U16, more athletes were born in the first half of the year, which was the only exception, and in the category U18, the distribution of birthdates within the semesters was balanced. However, in the entire sample and in none of the individual categories, the statistical significance of the results was confirmed (p > 0.05). The achieved results may be influenced by several factors, with one of these factors likely being the fact that it is a non-Olympic sport and is still relatively marginal in the Czech Republic. For this reason, it appears that the influences that support RAE are not so significant as to significantly affect the presence of this phenomenon.

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“…Početné studie můžeme najít ale i v některých individuálních sportech, např. v tenise (Moreira, Lopes, Faria, & Albuquerque, 2017;Ulbricht, Fernandez-Fernandez, Mendez-Villanueva, & Ferrauti, 2015;Wendling & Mills, 2018) nebo lyžování (Bjerke, Lorås, Vorland, & Pedersen, 2020;Müller, Gonaus, Perner, Müller, & Raschner, 2017;Steidl-Müller, Hildebrandt, Raschner, & Müller, 2019).…”

Section: úVodunclassified

Relative age effect at Czech elite swimmers in U12 category

Agricola¹,

Bozděch²,

Křehký³

et al. 2023

Studia Kinanthropologica

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The Relative Age Effect (RAE) is phenomenon that strongly influences youth sport development.The RAE refers to a disproportionately high percentage of athletes born early in the calendar selection year. Number of studies, especially in team sports, has proved this fact. However, there is still a lack of studies in individual sports, such as swimming, which makes it impossible to have a sufficient understanding of the RAE problem in a given sport. The aim of our study was to verify RAE in young elite swimmers (n = 202) who participated in Czech Republic U12 Championships (1) in male and female samples (2) according to swimming disciplines and distances (3) and performance (times in individual disciplines) between individual quartiles /semesters of birth. The analysis was performed with the use of adequate statistical (chi -square test, Mann-Whitney U test) and effect size (effect size index w and effect size index r ) tests. The analysis showed a significant RAE only in the whole sample (p = 0.015, w = 0.228, ES = medium), in sex distribution RAE was not present. A significant RAE, in the division according to swimming disciplines and swimming distances, was found in males in the breaststroke /100 m/ (p = 0.001, w = 0.763, ES = large), breaststroke /200 m/ (χ 2 (3) = 13.196, p = 0.004, w = 0.663, ES = large) and in the individual medley /200 m/ (χ 2 (3) = 12.214, p = 0.007, w = 0.638, ES = large). In females, there was a significant RAE in freestyle /50m/ (p < 0.001, w = 0.774, ES = large) and freestyle /100m/ (p = 0.001, w = 0.751, ES = large). Analysis of performance differences between research categories (Si ) in the form of time in disciplines, showed a statistically significant difference between the dependent variables (sex, distance, discipline) by different independent variables (Si ) only in case of female sample: freestyle /100m/ (p = 0.011), individual medley /100m/ (p = 0.028), butterfly /200m/ (p = 0.015) and individual medley /400m/ (p = 0.002).

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Mitigation of Relative Age Effects Through Targeted Policy Intervention: A Natural Experiment From Professional Tennis*

Cited by 6 publications

References 25 publications

The relative age effect in top 100 elite female tennis players in 2007–2016

The relative age effect in top 100 elite female tennis players in 2007–2016

The relative age effect in Czech orienteering runners

Relative age effect at Czech elite swimmers in U12 category

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