Mitigation of Atmospheric Artefacts in Multi Temporal InSAR: A Review

Abstract

The complexity of the atmosphere renders the modelling of the atmospheric delay in multi temporal InSAR difficult. This limits the potential of achieving millimetre accuracy of InSAR-derived deformation measurements. In this paper we review advances in tropospheric delay modelling in InSAR, tropospheric correction methods and integration of the correction methods within existing multi temporal algorithms. Furthermore, we investigate ingestion of the correction techniques by different InSAR applications, accuracy performance metrics and uncertainties of InSAR derived measurements attributed to tropospheric delay. Spatiotemporal modelling of atmospheric delay has evolved and can now be regarded as a spatially correlated turbulent delay with varying degree of anisotropy random in time and topographically correlated seasonal stratified delay. Tropospheric corrections methods performance is restricted to a case by case basis and ingestion of these methods by different applications remains limited due to lack of their integration into existing algorithms. Accuracy and uncertainty assessments remain challenging with most studies adopting simple statistical metrics. While advances have been made in tropospheric modelling, challenges remain for the calibration of atmospheric delay due to lack of data or limited resolution and fusion of multiple techniques for optimal performance.

Two-Dimensional InSAR Monitoring of the Co- and Post-Seismic Ground Deformation of the 2021 Mw 5.9 Arkalochori (Greece) Earthquake and Its Impact on the Deformations of the Heraklion City Wall Relic

“…Moreover, there were still residue phase noises in the GACOS corrected and the spatial-temporal filtered interferograms. Fully eliminating the multiple sources of noise remains to be a complex and challenging task [63,64]. Current methodologies could reduce or mitigate the effects of APS and improve the quality of the interferometric measurements among which the GACOS method has been proven to be successful and effective [63,65].…”

“…Fully eliminating the multiple sources of noise remains to be a complex and challenging task [63,64]. Current methodologies could reduce or mitigate the effects of APS and improve the quality of the interferometric measurements among which the GACOS method has been proven to be successful and effective [63,65]. Moreover, the GACOS corrected residue phase components were more suitable to meet the conventional assumption of the APS behaviors in time and space domains [50], making the spatial-temporal filtering option more reliable.…”

Goaf Site Stability Detection in the Overlap Area of Coal Mining Subsidence and Urban Construction

“…As to Pan'an New City, the correlation is always higher in urban areas. The latter relates to the interaction between radar waves and the atmosphere including ionospheric [27], tropospheric [28][29][30][31], etc. Even though there are ways to make them weaker, it is hard to eliminate them.…”

An Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar Tropospheric Delay Correction Method Based on a Global Navigation Satellite System and a Backpropagation Neural Network: More Suitable for Areas with Obvious Terrain Changes

“…Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) technology is characterized by its all-weather, all-time, high-resolution, high-precision, and wide-ranging capabilities. It has been proven to be a powerful modern geodetic measurement technique in recent years [ 1 ], enabling millimeter-level observations over extensive geographical areas [ 2 , 3 ]. Early studies utilizing InSAR for geodetic observations achieved certain advancements [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ].…”