Mitigation of 3-MCPD esters and glycidyl esters during the physical refining process of palm oil by micro and macro laboratory scale refining

Sim, Biow Ing; Khor, Yih Phing; Lai, Oi Ming; Yeoh, Chee Beng; Wang, Yong; Liu, Yuanfa; Nehdi, Imededdine Arbi; Tan, Chin Ping

doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127147

Cited by 20 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…The 3-MCPD limits were set by EFSA to be at 2.5 ppm for palm oil and palm oil derivatives in 2018. However, the limits of 3-MCPDE in palm oil would be revised by consumers and are believed to be more stringent in the future [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The refining process of CPO could be conducted physically or chemically [ 9 , 10 ]. However, the physical refining process is preferable because of its substantial advantages over the chemical refining process, including higher oil yield, preventing excessive oil loss, minimizing the use of chemicals, and lowering the environmental impact of palm oil processing [ 2 , 8 , 11 ]. The physical refining process consists of three major processes: degumming, bleaching, and deodorization [ 8 , 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The last unit process is the deodorization process. It is needed to eliminate the volatile components or the impurities that cause odor and off-flavor using steam distillation [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the formation of GE and 3-MCPDE in palm oil occurred during the deodorization process due to the high-temperature operation, an effective degumming process of the palm oil may minimize 3-MCPDE and GE formation during the deodorization process [ 8 ]. The prime goal of the degumming process is to eliminate gums or phospholipids from the oil.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It converts the nonhydratable gums into the hydratable form and, therefore, is easy to eliminate. In addition, the distinct characteristics of phosphoric acids as a degumming agent, such as chelating divalent metal ions, efficiency in removing phospholipids, and food grade, make it a preferable degumming agent in the palm oil refining process [ 8 ]. So far, there are a few studies available in the literature on the phosphoric acid degumming process and its impact on GE and 3-MCPDE formation in refined palm oil.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of the Degumming Process Parameters on the Formation of Glyceryl Esters and 3-MCPDE in Refined Palm Oil: Optimization and Palm Oil Quality Analyses

Nidzam

Hossain

Ismail

et al. 2022

Foods

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The presence of glyceryl esters (GE) and 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPDE) in refined, bleached, and deodorized (RBD) palm oil is severely concerning to the palm oil consumer. In the present study, the influence of the phosphoric acid degumming process on the formation of GE and 3-MCDE and in the RBD palm oil was determined with varying the acid dose (0.03–0.06 wt%), temperature (70–100 °C), and reaction time (15–45 min). The experimental conditions of the acid degumming process were designed following the central composite design of experiments, and they were optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on the minimal formation of GE and 3-MCDE in the RBD palm oil. The optimal experimental conditions of the acid degumming process were a reaction time of 30 min, phosphoric acid concentration of 0.06 wt%, and temperature of 90 °C. Under these experimental conditions, the minimal GE and 3-MCDE formation in RBD palm oil were determined to be 0.61 mg/kg and 0.59 mg/kg; respectively. Several analytical methods were employed to determine RBD palm oil quality, including color, phosphorus, free fatty acids (FFAs), peroxide values, and fatty acid properties. It was found that the phosphoric acid degumming of CPO effectively removed the phosphorus and hydroperoxide content without conceding the quality of palm oil.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The last unit process is the deodorization process. It is needed to eliminate the volatile components or the impurities that cause odor and off-flavor using steam distillation [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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