Mitigating jamming and meaconing attacks using direct GPS positioning

GPS Multireceiver Direct Position Estimation for Aerial Applications

“…Existing works have identified the improved accuracy of DPE in degraded signal environments, using the Cramér-Rao lower bound [18] to prove the higher achievable accuracy of DPE when compared with the two-step ap- proach. Software simulations under various propagation models have also indicated an improved accuracy performance of DPE in noisy signal environments [19][20][21][22][23]. These improvements have been corroborated through livedata experiments, including stationary ground stations [15,24], a hand-held device near a residential structure [25] and receivers mounted on automobiles [26].…”

“…its computationally expensive operations, e.g. matrix multiplication and inversion, and 2. its nature as a high-dimensional optimization problem [23,36,37].…”

“…• The high-dimensional search space for {X o , φ} is decoupled into multiple subspaces, similar to the Space-Alternating Generalized Expectation (SAGE) algorithms discussed in [23,36,37]. These subspaces are:…”

“…The decoupling process requires some filtering techniques to provide reasonable predictions for the PVT coordinate and the orientation of the platform, while what constitutes reasonable depends on the application [23]:…”

“…3.1 as step (i), in which the network candidates are depicted as black discs surrounding the center of the fuselage. Each candidate is unique and represents a potential solution in its corresponding subspace [14,23,24]. MR-DPE then seeks the candidates that maximize Eq.…”