Mitigating Design Fixation: A Visualization Tool for Enhancing Situation Awareness

Hwang, Dong‐Choon; Choi, Byunghyun; Park, Woojin

doi:10.1115/1.4048814

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Fixation metrics are correlated with SA in many studies [21][22][23]. Several studies [24,25] have also confirmed moderate correlations between saccade metrics and SA.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Correlation Evaluation of Pilots’ Situation Awareness in Bridge Simulations via Eye‐Tracking Technology

Jiang

Chen

Kang

2021

Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience

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To maintain situation awareness (SA) when exposed to emergencies during pilotage, a pilot needs to selectively allocate attentional resources to perceive critical status information about ships and environments. Although it is important to continuously monitor a pilot’s SA, its relationship with attention is still not fully understood in ship pilotage. This study performs bridge simulation experiments that include vessel departure, navigation in the fairway, encounters, poor visibility, and anchoring scenes with 13 pilots (mean = 11.3 and standard deviation = 1.4 of experience). Individuals were divided into two SA group levels based on the Situation Awareness Rating Technology (SART-2) score (mean = 20.13 and standard deviation = 5.83) after the experiments. The visual patterns using different SA groups were examined using heat maps and scan paths based on pilots’ fixations and saccade data. The preliminary visual analyses of the heat maps and scan paths indicate that the pilots’ attentional distribution is modulated by the SA level. That is, the most concerning areas of interest (AOIs) for pilots in the high and low SA groups are outside the window (AOI-2) and electronic charts (AOI-1), respectively. Subsequently, permutation simulations were utilized to identify statistical differences between the pilots’ eye-tracking metrics and SA. The results of the statistical analyses show that the fixation and saccade metrics are affected by the SA level in different AOIs across the five scenes, which confirms the findings of previous studies. In encounter scenes, the pilots’ SA level is correlated with the fixation and saccade metrics: fixation count ( p = 0.034 < 0.05 in AOI-1 and p = 0.032 < 0.05 in AOI-2), fixation duration ( p = 0.043 < 0.05 in AOI-1 and p = 0.014 < 0.05 in AOI-2), and saccade count ( p = 0.086 < 0.1 in AOI-1 and p = 0.054 < 0.1 in AOI-2). This was determined by the fixation count ( p = 0.024 < 0.05 in AOI-1 and p = 0.034 < 0.05 in AOI-2), fixation duration ( p = 0.036 < 0.05 in AOI-1 and p = 0.047 < 0.05 in AOI-2), and saccade duration ( p = 0.05 ≤ 0.05 in AOI-1 and p = 0.042 < 0.05 in AOI-2) in poor-visibility scenes. In the remaining scenes, the SA could not be measured using eye movements alone. This study lays a foundation for the cognitive mechanism recognition of pilots based on SA via eye-tracking technology, which provides a reference to establish cognitive competency standards in preliminary pilot screenings.

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“…Fixation metrics are correlated with SA in many studies [21][22][23]. Several studies [24,25] have also confirmed moderate correlations between saccade metrics and SA.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Correlation Evaluation of Pilots’ Situation Awareness in Bridge Simulations via Eye‐Tracking Technology

Jiang

Chen

Kang

2021

Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience

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“…In some cases, fixation is due to the stimuli themselves (Hay et al ., 2020) or to the repeated use of only a small portion of the external stimuli available (Hwang et al ., 2021). For example, visual stimuli, such as images of everyday life scenes or line drawings and photographs, can both guide the designer to inappropriately repeat some features of the stimuli in their final ideas (respectively, Purcell and Gero, 1992; Hernandez et al ., 2010).…”

Section: Results From the Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…New methods have been developed in the literature to help novice designers recognize and avoid the fixation phenomenon. Hwang et al (2021) developed a support system that keeps track of designers' use of the available external stimuli and guides individuals in redistributing their attention to unused stimuli. Design by analogy can help reduce design fixation by supporting designers in constructing distant analogies from the design problem domain while still relying on prior knowledge, experience, or external stimuli (Moreno et al, 2016).…”

Section: Metrics For Performance Evaluation and The Problem Of Fixationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparative review on the role of stimuli in idea generation

Blandino

Montagna

Cantamessa

et al. 2023

AIEDAM

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This paper reports a systematic literature review with the aim of determining the role of stimuli and other factors, such as timing, the designers’ background, expertise, and experience, in the idea generation phase of conceptual design related to engineering and industrial design and architecture. “Stimulus” is a general expression for a source of information characterized by several features, including the source (internal or external), analogical distance (near or far), and form (textual, visual, or other). Several recent studies have been conducted on this topic involving neurophysiological measurements with significant results. This comprehensive review will help to determine if the neurophysiological results are consistent with those from protocol studies. This allows for determining how the features of stimuli affect – among the related factors – designers’ performance in idea generation. The literature search was carried out using the Snowball and PRISMA methods. A total of 72 contributions were selected from studies adopting protocol analysis or neurophysiological measurements. This study presents a framework to support the selection of stimuli most likely to maximize performance, based on the designer's background and expertise in the different idea generation metrics. The main findings of the framework suggest that visual stimuli enhance the creative performance of designers, regardless of their background, while textual stimuli foster the variety and quality of ideas, but only in engineering and industrial designers. Comparing the findings, the resulting framework reveals aspects of stimuli that require further investigation. These can be considered valuable insights for new directions for design research.

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“…Design fixation, a complex phenomenon, can be caused by many factors. As workload increases, designers always find ways of working faster to meet time constraints and may end up in daily routines, leading to design fixation (Hwang et al, 2021). The qualities of a good idea include originality, appropriateness, and the surprisingness of an idea.…”

Section: Literature Surveymentioning

confidence: 99%

Fixation in Visual Communication: Ideational Issues

Amoateng¹,

Toffah²,

Gbadegbe³

et al. 2022

JSS

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World development has fostered the effectiveness of utilizing visuals in print and electronic media communication. The visuals for communication are crafted through the ideation process to the final execution of the project. In completing a design project, ideation must be successfully carried out. But sometimes, there are instances where the process is hindered since designers may want to settle for comfort zones and thus become fixated on ideas. This study therefore aims at exploring the challenges associated with design fixation in ideation in the local setting and how to mitigate them. Using interviews and observation in a qualitative inquiry, the researchers examined the phenomenon under study with the aid of the Ideation Activity Model as a theoretical lens. The study revealed an insightful relationship between designers, tools (manual and digital), design process, ideation techniques, client, design team, and the outcome of a designer's activity during ideation. Four major themes that affect design fixation were discovered: the Designer's background, Digital Ideation, Client and Designer tensions, and Fixation type.

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Mitigating Design Fixation: A Visualization Tool for Enhancing Situation Awareness

Cited by 8 publications

References 50 publications

Correlation Evaluation of Pilots’ Situation Awareness in Bridge Simulations via Eye‐Tracking Technology

Correlation Evaluation of Pilots’ Situation Awareness in Bridge Simulations via Eye‐Tracking Technology

A comparative review on the role of stimuli in idea generation

Fixation in Visual Communication: Ideational Issues

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