Missing‐Linker‐Assisted Artesunate Delivery by Metal–Organic Frameworks for Synergistic Cancer Treatment

Abstract

Clinical translation of artesunate (ATS) as a potent antitumor drug has been obstructed by its rapid degradation and low bioavailability. Herein, we report the development of an ATS nanomedicine through the self‐assembly with Mn[Co(CN)6]2/3□1/3 metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) that have hidden missing linkers. The defects in MOFs originating from the missing linkers play a key role in increasing the biological stability and tumor accumulation of ATS. Chlorin e6 (Ce6) and ATS can be co‐loaded into MOFs for a synergistic antitumor efficacy. In the presence of intracellular HCO3−, Mn2+ acts as an efficient catalyst to promote the bicarbonate‐activated H2O2 system which oxidizes ATS to generate reactive oxygen species and induce oxidative death to cancer cells. The released [CoIII(CN)6] linker undergoes a redox reaction with intracellular glutathione to prevent the scavenging ability of reactive oxygen species, contributing to synergistic chemodynamic therapy of ATS and photodynamic therapy of Ce6. Thus, defect‐engineered MOFs with hidden missing linkers hold great promise in advancing the practical use of ATS as an antitumor medicine.

Effect of Missing-Linker Defects and Ion Exchange on Stability and Proton Conduction of a Sulfonated Layered Zr-MOF

“…In place of the missing linker, coordination unsaturated sites (CUS) appear on the metal cluster, which can provide both access to the metal center and a platform for further modification. 4 Materials with such defects, due to the presence of Lewis-type acidity and an improved sorption capacity, can be applied in catalysis, 5 decontamination, 6 dyes absorption and degradation, 7 sorption, 8 drug delivery, 9 sensing, 10 as well as charge transport, including ionic conductivity. 11−13 Ion-conducting materials are fundamentally of great importance to the development of energy storage and conversion devices, including fuel cells and batteries.…”

A Facile Strategy to Obtain Low‐Cost and High‐Performance Gold‐Based Catalysts from Artificial Electronic Waste by [Zr48Ni6] Nano‐Cages in MOFs for CO2 Electroreduction to CO

“…As stable porous materials, [15] metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been widely employed for gold enrichment or CO 2 RR respectively for the following reasons: 1) Porous MOFs with unique pores and functional moieties can selectively absorb Au through anion-exchange, reduction, and physical absorption, [16] leading to the effective and selective gold enrichment capacity from electronic wastes or seawater with the presence of other metal ions. [17] 2) Inherrent pores in MOFs can stabilize the guest metal nanoparticles (NPs) in their periodic structures to avoid the metal NPs agglomeration, resulting in uniformly distributed metal NPs in MOFs (metal NPs@MOFs).…”