Miss. Diagnosis: A Systematic Review of ADHD in Adult Women

Attoe, Darby E; Climie, Emma A.

doi:10.1177/10870547231161533

Cited by 25 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Mothers were overrepresented in most of the samples. In previous studies, gender differences have been reported in symptom presentation, prevalence, comorbid profile, and social perception of ADHD symptoms ( 121 , 122 ). Women may be more likely to show symptoms of inattention rather than hyperactivity/impulsivity, which may lead to delayed referral and diagnosis ( 122 , 123 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity symptoms and parental cognitions: a meta-analysis

Miklósi,

Kovács,

Janovicz

et al. 2024

Front. Psychiatry

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IntroductionAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in adults interfere with parental functioning. Dysfunctional parental cognitions may play a role in this impairment. Despite the importance of parental cognitions on parents and children’s outcomes, up to now, no systematic review or meta-analysis of these findings is available. To fill this gap, this meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the relationship between adult ADHD symptoms and parental cognitions.MethodsWe conducted searches in Web of Science, PubMed, and ProQuest from January 2000 to June 2023. Studies were included if they provided data on the relationship between parental ADHD symptoms and parental cognitions by means of a row correlational coefficient, or means and standard deviation were reported for each study group. A random-effects model was used. Publication bias was assessed by funnel plot and Rosenthal’s fail-safe N. Moderator analyses were conducted by means of subgroup analysis and meta-regression analyses.ResultsFifteen published papers were included (N = 2851), and 51 effect sizes were analysed. The weighted mean effect size was small but significant (Fisher’s Z = 0.186, k = 15, 95% CI [0.120 – 0.252], z = 5.539, p < 0.001), indicating that ADHD symptoms in adults are associated with more negative and less positive parental cognitions. The Fail-Safe N analysis suggested a robust effect. Tweedie’s trim and fill results suggested that five studies were missing; after five missing studies had been imputed, the mean overall effect size dropped to 0.116 (0.080 – 0.152). There was significant heterogeneity among effect sizes. The methodology of the study was found to be a significant moderator. Meta-regression analyses revealed that the lower age of the parent and the child were related to more negative parental cognitions.DiscussionThough the analysis might be inflated by publication bias, our results suggest a significant association between ADHD symptom level and dysfunctional parental cognitions. Biased negative perceptions of the parental role, the child and co-parenting may play a central mediator role between parental ADHD and parent and child outcomes. Given the familiar nature of ADHD, targeting dysfunctional parental cognitions in parent training programs is warranted.Systematic review registrationosf.io/pnur7.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity symptoms and parental cognitions: a meta-analysis

Miklósi,

Kovács,

Janovicz

et al. 2024

Front. Psychiatry

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“…Although getting a diagnosis was a negative experience for some, it seemed important as an “official” recognition for needing support. A study of women who were only diagnosed as adults describe how getting a diagnosis was also important for self-acceptance, after struggling and blaming themselves for their shortcomings for years ( Attoe & Climie, 2023 ). We also found that it was not necessarily the type of support that was important, but how it was provided; the help should be non-stigmatizing and tailored to the person and situation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Situations and actions of others are also interpreted through their eyes and do not represent actual intent or facts. Men and women were equally represented in this study, but previous research has shown that they often have different experiences ( Attoe & Climie, 2023 ), something which may be interesting to explore further. All our participants received their ADHD diagnosis as children and considering that the diagnosis was related to self-acceptance and access to support, persons receiving the diagnosis later in life may have other experiences than our participants.…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life Gets Better: Important Resilience Factors When Growing Up With ADHD

Dangmann,

Skogli,

Holthe

et al. 2024

J Atten Disord

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Objective: To explore emerging adults’ descriptions of important resilience factors when growing up with ADHD. Method: Individual interviews with 10 emerging adults (21–24 years) who participated in a 10-year follow-up study, analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: The main theme was that “life gets better.” Resilience factors contributing to this positive development were strategies to regulate ADHD, valuable relationships, acceptance, seeing positive attributes of ADHD, receiving tailored, non-stigmatizing support, and participating in meaningful activities. Conclusion: Growing up with ADHD was associated with both challenges and positives, but the main resilience theme was that life gets better. A variety of resilience factors contributed to this, but relational and environmental factors seemed particularly important. Acceptance, both from society and self-acceptance, were related to all resilience factors in various ways indicating that better knowledge of ADHD might foster better understanding and acceptance of children and adolescents with ADHD.

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“…It is possible that the severity of ADHD was greater in women than in men in our study, given that women were older and had a higher prevalence of mental disorders than men. However, previous evidence indicates that diagnosis and treatment are possibly delayed in women with ADHD and other mental disorders likely coexist ( 36 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of somatic diseases in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Japan is highest in people aged ≥40 years with mental disorders: a cross-sectional study of a Japanese health insurance claims database

Takaesu,

Sato,

Iwata

et al. 2024

Front. Psychiatry

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IntroductionStudies have reported an association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and somatic diseases; however, the correlation of mental disorders with the association between ADHD and somatic diseases remains uninvestigated. This study investigated and compared the prevalence of somatic diseases among adults with/without ADHD, stratified by the presence or absence of mental disorders.MethodsThis cross-sectional study (October 2020–September 2021), using data (June 2013–September 2021) from a Japanese health insurance claims database, included adult participants with a medical record of and receiving medication for ADHD (ADHD group); the control group (matched 1:5 by age/sex) comprised participants without ADHD. The prevalence and odds ratio (OR; ADHD versus control) of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), diabetes complications, hypertension, cardiovascular disease (CVD), dyslipidemia, gout and hyperuricemia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NAFLD/NASH), and atopic dermatitis were investigated. Pooled ORs for stratified analysis were calculated using the Mantel-Haenszel method.ResultsIn the matched analysis sets, the ORs for all somatic diseases were significantly higher for the ADHD group (n=15,028) versus the control group (n=74,796). On stratified analysis, the Mantel-Haenszel ORs were significant for NAFLD/NASH (1.53; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.34, 1.73), diabetes complications (1.39; 95% CI: 1.09, 1.77), and gout and hyperuricemia (1.34; 95% CI: 1.19, 1.51). Furthermore, the stratum-specific ORs for T2DM, hypertension, and dyslipidemia were >1 and <1 in the presence and absence of mental disorders, respectively. The prevalence of all somatic diseases except atopic dermatitis increased with age. For participants aged ≥40 years, the Mantel-Haenszel ORs were significant for all somatic diseases except CVD, COPD, and atopic dermatitis.ConclusionsThe prevalence of several somatic diseases, including chronic disorders, was high among adults with ADHD, particularly in those aged ≥40 years and those with mental disorders.

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Miss. Diagnosis: A Systematic Review of ADHD in Adult Women

Cited by 25 publications

References 37 publications

Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity symptoms and parental cognitions: a meta-analysis

Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity symptoms and parental cognitions: a meta-analysis

Life Gets Better: Important Resilience Factors When Growing Up With ADHD

Prevalence of somatic diseases in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Japan is highest in people aged ≥40 years with mental disorders: a cross-sectional study of a Japanese health insurance claims database

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