Miscarriage is associated with cervical ribs in thoracic outlet syndrome patients

Schut, P.C.; Eggink, Alex J.; Cohen–Overbeek, Titia E.; Dooren, Tom J. M. Van; Borst, Gert J. de; Galis, Frietson

doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105027

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Deleterious pleiotropic effects and the resulting strong selection against changes in the number of cervical vertebrae have been most thoroughly investigated in humans (Furtado et al, 2011 ; Galis et al, 2006 ; Schut et al, 2020a , b ; Ten Broek et al, 2012 ). However, studies on a wide variety of mammals, including afrotherians and xenarthrans (Varela‐Lasheras et al, 2011 ), thoroughbred horses (May‐Davis, 2017 ), extinct woolly mammoths and woolly rhinos (Reumer et al, 2014 ; van der Geer & Galis, 2017 ) and domesticated dogs (Brocal et al, 2018 ) further support the association of deleterious pleiotropic effects with abnormal cervical numbers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The moderate use of the forelimbs of lorisids makes it unlikely that they will have TOS problems. Finally, congenital abnormalities are further pleiotropic effects associated with abnormal cervical numbers in humans, sloths, manatees, dugongs, hyraxes, and horses (Galis et al, 2006 ; May‐Davis, 2017 ; Schut et al, 2020a , b ; Ten Broek et al, 2012 ; Varela‐Lasheras et al, 2011). We only had access to skeletons for this analysis and can therefore only conjecture that selection against some potential congenital anomalies might be weaker (Billet et al, 2013 ; Varela‐Lasheras et al, 2011 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most hypotheses propose that this selection is indirect and internal, as it is caused by deleterious pleiotropic effects that are associated with the development of an abnormal number of cervical vertebrae (Buchholtz et al, 2012 ; Galis, 1999 ; Galis et al, 2006 ; Hirasawa & Kuratani, 2013 ; Kuratani, 2004 ; Narita & Kuratani, 2005 ). Our hypothesis, based on studies of human and other mammalian individuals with abnormal numbers of cervical vertebrae, is that juvenile cancers and a wide variety of congenital abnormalities are associated with these cervical number changes, leading to an increased mortality before the reproductive age (Furtado et al, 2011 ; Galis & Metz, 2003 ; Galis et al, 2006 ; Galis, 1999 ; Varela‐Lasheras et al, 2011 ; Schut et al, 2020a , b ; Ten Broek et al, 2012 ). The association with many different pleiotropic effects is thought to be due to the early determination of the number of neck vertebrae during the phylotypic stage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Breaking the constraint on the number of cervical vertebrae in mammals: On homeotic transformations in lorises and pottos

Galis

Dooren

Geer

2022

Evolution and Development

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Mammals almost always have seven cervical vertebrae. The strong evolutionary constraint on changes in this number has been broken in sloths and manatees. We have proposed that the extremely low activity and metabolic rates of these species relax the stabilizing selection against changes in the cervical count. Our hypothesis is that strong stabilizing selection in other mammals is largely indirect and due to associated pleiotropic effects, including juvenile cancers. Additional direct selection can occur due to biomechanical problems (thoracic outlet syndrome). Low metabolic and activity rates are thought to diminish these direct and indirect effects. To test this hypothesis within the primates, we have compared the number of cervical vertebrae of three lorisid species with particularly low activity and metabolic rates with those of more active primate species, including with their phylogenetically closest active relatives, the galagids (bushbabies). In support of our hypothesis, we found that 37.6% of the lorisid specimens had an abnormal cervical count, which is a higher percentage than in the other nine primate families, in which the incidence varied from zero to 2.2%. We conclude that our data support the importance of internal selection in constraining evolvability and of a relaxed stabilizing selection for increasing evolvability. Additionally, we discuss that there is no support for a role of the muscularized diaphragm in the evolutionary constraint.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Breaking the constraint on the number of cervical vertebrae in mammals: On homeotic transformations in lorises and pottos

Galis

Dooren

Geer

2022

Evolution and Development

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“…A ne knowledge of the occurrence and anatomic variants of cervical ribs aids in understanding the variety of the clinical conditions associated with cervical ribs. A recent study reported a positive association between cervical ribs occurrence and miscarriages [22]. Despite the increasing clinical signi cance, very few studies have been conducted in the Middle Eastern population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of cervical ribs and elongated transverse processes in Omani population: a computed tomography-based study

et al. 2022

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IntroductionCervical ribs are the supernumerary ribs that usually arise from the seventh cervical vertebra. Ethnic and geographical variations in the prevalence of cervical ribs and elongated transverse processes have been reported. We aimed to study the prevalence of cervical ribs and elongated transverse processes in Omani subjects using computed tomography (CT). MethodsA total of 1165 consecutive patient CT scans of the cervical spine who had visited the tertiary care hospital from January 2016 to December 2020 were included in the study. The CT scans were screened for the presence of cervical ribs and elongated C7 transverse processes. The Chi-square test was used to determine the gender in uence. ResultsCervical ribs were identi ed in 0.94% of patients with a female dominance (p<0.05). The majority of the cervical ribs were unilateral (54%). The elongated C7 transverse process was identi ed in 18.45% of patients, with a male to female ratio of 1.36:1. The presence of an elongated C7 transverse process was strongly associated with gender (p< 0.001). ConclusionThe prevalence of cervical ribs in Omani subjects is close to that of generally accepted prevalence worldwide. However, the elongated C7 transverse process prevalence is comparatively high and close to the prevalence of the Saudi population.

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Increased incidences of cervical ribs in deer indicate extinction risk

Cuxart-Erruz,

Van Dooren,

van der Geer

et al. 2024

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Mammals as a rule have seven cervical vertebrae, a number which remains remarkably conserved. Occasional deviations of this number are usually due to the presence of cervical ribs on the seventh vertebra, indicating a homeotic transformation from a cervical rib-less vertebra into a thoracic rib-bearing vertebra. These transformations are often associated with major congenital abnormalities or pediatric cancers (pleiotropic effects) that are, at least in humans, strongly selected against. Based on data from Late Pleistocene mammoths ( Mammuthus primigenius ) and woolly rhinoceroses ( Coelodonta antiquitatis ) from the North Sea, we hypothesized that high incidences of cervical ribs in declining populations are due to inbreeding and/or adverse conditions impacting early pregnancies. In this study, we investigated the incidence of cervical ribs in an extinct Late Pleistocene megaherbivore, giant deer ( Megaloceros giganteus ) from Ireland and in the extant highly inbred Père David deer ( Elaphurus davidianus ) and in twenty other extant species. We show that the incidence of cervical ribs is exceptionally high in both the Irish giant deer and the Père David deer and much higher than in extant outbred deer. Our data support the hypothesis that inbreeding and genetic drift increase the frequencies of maladaptive alleles in populations at risk of extinction. The high incidence of cervical ribs indicates a vulnerable condition, which may have contributed to the extinction of megaherbivore species in the Late Pleistocene. We argue that cervical rib frequency may be a good proxy for extinction risk in inbred populations.

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Miscarriage is associated with cervical ribs in thoracic outlet syndrome patients

Cited by 5 publications

References 20 publications

Breaking the constraint on the number of cervical vertebrae in mammals: On homeotic transformations in lorises and pottos

Breaking the constraint on the number of cervical vertebrae in mammals: On homeotic transformations in lorises and pottos

Prevalence of cervical ribs and elongated transverse processes in Omani population: a computed tomography-based study

Increased incidences of cervical ribs in deer indicate extinction risk

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