miRNAs in Cardiac Myxoma: New Pathologic Findings for Potential Therapeutic Opportunities

Abstract

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level, contributing to all major cellular processes. The importance of miRNAs in cardiac development, heart function, and valvular heart disease has been shown in recent years, and aberrant expression of miRNA has been reported in various malignancies, such as gastric cancer and breast cancer. Different from other fields of investigation, the role of miRNAs in cardiac tumors still remains difficult to interpret due to the scarcity publications and a lack of narrative focus on this topic. In this article, we summarize the available evidence on miRNAs and cardiac myxomas and propose new pathways for future research. miRNAs play a part in modifying the expression of cardiac transcription factors (miR-335-5p), increasing cell cycle trigger factors (miR-126-3p), interfering with ceramide synthesis (miR-320a), inducing apoptosis (miR-634 and miR-122), suppressing production of interleukins (miR-217), and reducing cell proliferation (miR-218). As such, they have complex and interconnected roles. At present, the study of the complete mechanistic control of miRNA remains a crucial issue, as proper understanding of signaling pathways is essential for the forecasting of therapeutic implications. Other types of cardiac tumors still lack adequate investigation with regard to miRNA. Further research should aim at investigating the causal relationship between different miRNAs and cell overgrowth, considering both myxoma and other histological types of cardiac tumors. We hope that this review will help in understanding this fascinating molecular approach.

The benign nature and rare occurrence of cardiac myxoma as a possible consequence of the limited cardiac proliferative/ regenerative potential: a systematic review

“…Works with the GATA4 and Tbx5 to enhance differentiation [ 101 ]. In CM development, it may work with Wnt and Isl1 with resulting emergence of CPC-like state [ 102 – 105 ]. Mef2c - Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2C GATA4: GATA Binding Protein 4 Tbx5: T-Box 5 Wnt pathway - Wingless/Integrated Pathway Isl1: Islet-1 CM: Cardiac Myxoma CPCs: Cardiac Progenitor Cells HAND1/2 Works with key TFs to regulate cardiogenesis [ 106 , 107 ].…”

“… [ 188 ] Mef2c in other tumors Histopathology Relevant to the study’s focus on understanding the origins and mechanisms underlying cardiac myxoma development. [ 189 ] Mef2c and its interactions with stemness regulators Histopathology Provides insights about progenitor-like state in cardiac myxoma [ 190 ] Mef2c in other tumors Histopathology Essential to understand the its nature and impact on tumorigenesis [ 191 ] Mef2b in other tumors Human Samples Essential to understand the its nature and impact on tumorigenesis [ 192 ] Mef2b in other tumors Human Samples Essential to understand the its nature and impact on tumorigenesis [ 102 ] Mef2c in cardiac tumorigenesis Histopathology Essential to understand the its nature and impact on tumorigenesis [ 103 ] Mef2c in cardiogenesis Histopathology Relevant to cardiac genetic programming [ 104 ] Mef2c in cardiogenesis Histopathology Relevant to cardiac genetic programming [ 105 ] Mef2c and its interaction with Tbx1 Histopathology Provides insights about how these interactions may influence cardiac programming [ 106 ] HAND1/2 in cardiac differentiation Human Samples Provides insights about the limited regenerative capacity of cardiac cells and rare cardiac tumorigenesis [ 107 ] HAND1/2 in cardiogenesis and in heart defects Histopathology Relevant to understand its impact on cardiac programing and in different stages of cardiac development [ 108 ] HAND1/2 in cardiac regeneration Histopathology Relevant to understand its impact on cardiac programing and on the l...…”

Role and mechanism of FOXG1-related epigenetic modifications in cisplatin-induced hair cell damage

“…miRNAs participate in proliferation, apoptosis, and transcription factor regulation, thus playing important roles in organ development and maturation (Harfe, 2005 ), including sensory organs and systems (e.g., the inner ear and auditory system) (Conte et al, 2013 ). Transcription factors control miRNA expression at the transcriptional level (Nenna et al, 2022 ). In an animal acute LPS-induced hearing loss model, the histone deacetylase 2 Hdac2/transcription factor Sp1/miR-204-5p/apoptosis suppressor gene Bcl-2 regulatory axis mediated apoptosis in the cochlea (Xie et al, 2021 ).…”

The benign nature and rare occurrence of cardiac myxoma as a possible consequence of the limited cardiac proliferative/ regenerative potential: a systematic review

“…In such conditions, it may switch to work with Wnt and Isl1 resulting in emergence of CPCs like state that is hallmark of cardiac myxoma [152,153,154,155,156].…”