miRNA Expression Profiles in Luminal A Breast Cancer—Implications in Biology, Prognosis, and Prediction of Response to Hormonal Treatment

Abstract

Breast cancer, which is the most common malignancy in women, does not form a uniform nosological unit but represents a group of malignant diseases with specific clinical, histopathological, and molecular characteristics. The increasing knowledge of the complex pathophysiological web of processes connected with breast cancercarcinogenesis allows the development of predictive and prognostic gene expressionand molecular classification systems with improved risk assessment, which could be used for individualized treatment. In our review article, we present the up-to-date knowledge about the role of miRNAs and their prognostic and predictive value in luminal A breast cancer. Indeed, an altered expression profile of miRNAs can distinguish not only between cancer and healthy samples, but they can classify specific molecular subtypes of breast cancer including HER2, Luminal A, Luminal B, and TNBC. Early identification and classification of breast cancer subtypes using miRNA expression profilescharacterize a promising approach in the field of personalized medicine. A detection of sensitive and specific biomarkers to distinguish between healthy and early breast cancer patients can be achieved by an evaluation of the different expression of several miRNAs. Consequently, miRNAs represent a potential as good diagnostic, prognostic, predictive, and therapeutic biomarkers for patients with luminal A in the early stage of BC.

Generating a Precision Endoxifen Prediction Algorithm to Advance Personalized Tamoxifen Treatment in Patients with Breast Cancer

“…In addition, all these studies had long-term follow up, allowing for inclusion of late recurrences (>5 years) which make up the majority of the relapses in ER positive breast cancer [ 48 ]. Inability to prospectively validate metabolic resistance in the adjuvant setting [ 42 , 49 ] may be due to a preponderance of early relapses (<3 years) that are frequently attributable to proliferative factors such as high Ki67 [ 50 ], and to the contribution of endocrine resistance from somatic ER gene ( ESR1) mutations [ 51 ], epigenetics [ 52 ] or loss of ER [ 53 ].…”

The many facets of miR‐223 in cancer: Oncosuppressor, oncogenic driver, therapeutic target, and biomarker of response

“…Dampening of the EGF pathway, thanks to this miR‐223 local upregulation, eventually resulted in decreased survival of residual isolated cancer cells, left behind after surgery, which, in turn, translated into the improved recurrence‐free survival observable in IORT‐treated patients (Fabris et al, 2016 ). Accordingly, circulating miR‐223 levels were found to be diminished post‐surgically in matched samples harvested pre‐operatively and post‐operatively from BC patients (Kodahl et al, 2014 ; Kudela et al, 2020 ).…”

Mitochondriopathies as a Clue to Systemic Disorders—Analytical Tools and Mitigating Measures in Context of Predictive, Preventive, and Personalized (3P) Medicine

“…In this review, we discuss the applicability of liquid biopsy to the overall management of mitochondriopathies and disorders known to be associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Further, based on the accumulated knowledge on the pathomechanisms of mitochondrial injury, we exemplify health conditions that might be involved in the “vicious circle” of mitochondrial damage, which would allow the paradigm shift from reactive measures (treatment of clinically manifested pathologies) to the advanced concepts of predictive approach, targeted prevention, and the personalization of medical services [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ].…”