MiRNA Biogenesis and Regulation of Diseases: An Overview

Abstract

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNA molecules, with their role in gene silencing and translational repression by binding to target mRNAs. Since it was discovered in 1993, miRNA are found in all eukaryotic cells conserved across the species. In recent years, regulation of miRNAs are extensively studied for their role in biological processes as well as in development and progression of various human diseases including retinal disorder, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disease and cancer. This chapter summarises miRNA biogenesis and explores their potential roles in a variety of diseases. miRNAs holds huge potential for diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, and as predictors of drug response.

MicroRNA-155 in patients with Chronic Stable Angina

“…The score grades the narrowing of the lumen of the coronary artery as: 1 for ≤25% narrowing, 2 for 26-50% narrowing, 4 for 51-75% narrowing, 8 for 76-90% narrowing, 16 for 91-99% narrowing and 32 for total occlusion. Next, this primary score was multiplied by a factor that took into account the importance of the position of the lesion in the coronary arterial tree: 5 Detection of miRNA-155 by real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed as follows 1-RNA extraction:-Using the miRNeasy Mini Kit Qiagen according to the manufacturer's instruction RNAs were extracted from plasma samples. 200 μL of splasma were mixed with 1000 μL Qiazollysis reagent and incubated for 5 minutes at room temperature.…”

“…To date, about 2000 microRNAs have been detected. Human genome consist of large number of microRNA genes accounting for 1-5 % of all predicted human genes and mammalian microRNAs are known to regulate approximately 30 % of all protein-coding genes 5 . MicroRNA155 is widely expressed in various cells, such as T cells, Bcells, mononuclear cells and endothelial cells.…”

<p>miR-100 Inhibits Cell Growth and Proliferation by Targeting HOXA1 in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma</p>

“…MiRNAs are small non-coding RNAs, and it can enhance mRNA degradation or inhibit its translation through base pairing with the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of mRNA. 3 Many studies demonstrate that miRNA expression changes significantly in various tumors, making it as biomarkers for tumor diagnosis, subclassify, and prognosis prediction. [4][5][6] More importantly, the changed miRNAs play very important roles in the process of tumorigenesis, development, and progression.…”

MiR-29a and miR-652 Attenuate Liver Fibrosis by Inhibiting the Differentiation of CD4+ T Cells

“…MicroRNA (miRNA) was a class of endogenous noncoding RNA with the length of ~22 nt, and functioned to control the target genes expression by binging with the mRNAs 3'UTR (Vishnoi and Rani, 2017). Recent studies have demonstrated that a single miRNA could target one or more mRNA to regulate their expression, while an mRNA also could be targeted by several miRNAs in the biological processes (Guo et al, 2014;Bruce and Liu, 2014).…”