mir-21a-5p promote the progress of inflammation after Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury via up-regulating neurotoxic reactive astrocyte (A1) polarization by inhibiting CNTF/STAT3/Nkrf pathway

Abstract

Background Reactive astrocytes play an important role in Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury (TSCI). Interestingly, naive astrocytes can easily transform into neurotoxic reactive astrocytes(A1s) when inflammatory stimulation occurs. Previous researches have reported that miR-21a-5p is involved in the regulation of various stages of Spinal Cord Injury (SCI). However, it is not clear whether miR-21a-5p affected the polarization of reactive astrocytes. The purpose of our study was to detect the effects and mechanism of miR-21a-5p in the induction of neurotoxic reactive astrocytes (A1s) formation. Methods Gene chip assay and qRT-PCR were used to detect the expression of Cntfr α in TSCI models or sham operation. Bioinformatics analysis was used to speculate the potential targeting of miR-21a-5p, which was further confirmed by qRT-PCR, western blotting, a dual-luciferase reporter assay, and RNA pulldown assay. In vivo, the TSCI model was performed by a 68099Ⅱ precision percussion device, and the A1s phenotype was identified by immunofluorescence staining. In vitro, A1s were induced by IL-1 α, TNF-α, and C1q. A1s and neuroprotective reactive astrocytes (A2s) markers were confirmed by qRT-PCR, western blotting, and immunofluorescence. ChIP assay was used to explore the targeting gene of STAT3, the downstream of Cntfr α. Results The expression of miR-21a-5p was significantly increased while Cntfr α was decreased since naive astrocytes transformed into A1s after 3 days post-TSCI. In addition, the mRNA and protein of Cntfr α were decreased while miR-21a-5p was overexpressed. The binding site between miR-21a-5p and Cntfr α was further confirmed by the dual-luciferase reporter and RNA pulldown assay. We also discovered that A1s markers were decreased while markers of A2s were increased with the pretreatment of CNTF. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay was used to prove that CNTF inhibited A1s induction by activating the expression of Nkrf via the CNTF/STAT3 pathway. Downregulation of miR-21a-5p enhanced the inhibitory effect of CNTF in A1s in vitro. In vivo, the expression of A1s markers significantly decreased with the treatment of antagomir-21, while Cntfr α siRNA treatment was just the opposite. Conclusion We observed that increased miR-21a-5p down-regulated Cntfr α in A1s induced by TSCI, promoting the inflammatory process. In addition, we also identified the effect and potential mechanism of CNTF, a specific ligand of CNTFR α, on inhibiting naive astrocytes transformed into A1s for the first time. Collectively, our studies demonstrated that targeting miR-21a-5p is a prospective therapy for curing TSCI.

Kynurenic acid blunts A1 astrocyte activation against HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders

“…3D). Next, we address whether α7nAChR knockout leads to the truncation of JAK2/STAT3 signaling in α7 -/-gp120tg mice, as STAT3 is highly associated with A1 astrocyte activation [24]. As expected, α7nAChR knockout robustly decreased the expression of JAK2 and STAT3 proteins in the hippocampus of α7 -/-gp120tg mice (Fig.…”