Miocene adakites in south Tibet: Partial melting of the thickened Lhasa juvenile mafic lower crust with the involvement of ancient Indian continental crust compositions

Abstract

Although postcollisional adakitic rocks are widely distributed in the southern Lhasa subterrane, their petrogenesis remains controversial. Complex petrogenesis models, mainly including partial melting of subducted oceanic crust, partial melting of the Indian lower continental crust, and magma mixing, are pivotal in reconstruction of the postcollisional dynamic processes in south Tibet. In order to constrain the geodynamic processes, we present systemic geochronological and geochemical data for newly discovered adakitic dikes in the Xigaze area, southern Lhasa subterrane. Based on the K2O and Na2O contents, the Xigaze dikes can be divided into K-rich and Na-rich dikes. Zircon U-Pb dating for the Xigaze K- and Na-rich dikes yielded ages of ca. 10.31 Ma and 14.78–12.75 Ma, respectively. The K-rich dikes show porphyritic texture and are characterized by high SiO2 (68.91–69.59 wt%) and K2O (5.53–5.68 wt%) contents and low Na2O/K2O (0.48–0.60) ratios, with Al2O3/(CaO + Na2O + K2O) (=A/CNK) ratios of 1.07–1.23. They have lower MgO (0.63–0.64 wt%), Mg# (37–39), and Cr (18.56–26.62 ppm) and Ni (4.37–4.62) contents. In addition, the K-rich dikes display enriched ([La/Yb]N = 65–68) light rare earth elements (LREEs), low concentrations of heavy rare earth elements (HREEs) and Y (e.g., Yb = 0.83–0.86 ppm; Y = 10.56–11.55 ppm), and high Sr (841–923 ppm), with high Sr/Y (74–84) ratios, indicating geochemical characteristics of typical adakitic rocks. Compared with the K-rich dikes, the Na-rich dikes also display porphyritic texture, but they have lower SiO2 (59.14–64.87 wt%) and K2O (1.98–3.25 wt%) contents, and higher Na2O (4.43–5.64 wt%) and MgO (1.40–3.08 wt%) contents, Mg# (46–59), and Cr (22.62–82.93 ppm) and Ni (8.91–39.76 ppm) contents. The HREE abundances (e.g., Yb = 0.36–0.81 ppm; Y = 5.30–10.56 ppm) of the Na-rich dikes are generally lower than the K-rich dikes. These Na-rich dikes are also characterized by adakitic geochemical features with high Sr/Y (60–223) but low (La/Yb)N (15–40) ratios. Both the K-rich and Na-rich dikes display distinct whole-rock-element geochemistry and Sr-Nd isotopic composition, with (87Sr/86Sr)i = 0.7121, εNd(t) = –8.62 to –8.11 and (87Sr/86Sr)i = 0.7054–0.7086, εNd(t) = –7.55 to –1.23 for K-rich and Na-rich dikes, respectively, which indicate different magma sources for the two types of dikes. The K-rich dikes were most likely derived from partial melts of Lhasa juvenile mafic lower crust with significant involvement of Indian continental crust compositions, whereas the Na-rich dikes were generated in the same way with less input of Indian continental crust compositions. Moreover, the postcollisional adakites in the southern Lhasa subterrane display distinctive spatial variations in geochemistry along the strike of this subterrane, indicating that the magma sources were heterogeneous. In combination with previously published data, we therefore suggest that all these late Oligocene to Miocene adakitic rocks were most likely generated dominantly by partial melting of the Lhasa mafic lower crust with involvement of Indian continental crust components, which was probably triggered by the tearing of the subducting Indian plate.

Along‐Strike Variation in the Initiation Timing of the North‐Trending Rifts in Southern Tibet as Revealed From the Yadong‐Gulu Rift

“…F. Guo & Wilson, 2019;Hou et al, 2006;R. Wang et al, 2021;Yan et al, 2019). This scenario is analogous to slab tearing that has been postulated worldwide, such as in Turkey (Dilek & Altunkaynak, 2009;Govers & Fichtner, 2016), Indonesia (Koulakov et al, 2016), Japan (Obayashi et al, 2009), Italy (Gutscher et al, 2016), Mariana (Miller et al, 2006) and South America (Hu & Liu, 2016).…”

“…The southward slab tearing has been supported by several lines of evidence. Post‐collisional ultrapotassic rocks along the north‐trending rifts, particularly in Tangra Yum Co rift (Figure 1a, Z. F. Guo et al., 2013), show a southward younging trend, which is interpreted as a representative for the southward lithospheric tear (Ding et al., 2006; X. Y. Guo et al., 2018; Z. F. Guo & Wilson, 2019; Hou et al., 2006; R. Wang et al., 2021; Yan et al., 2019). This scenario is analogous to slab tearing that has been postulated worldwide, such as in Turkey (Dilek & Altunkaynak, 2009; Govers & Fichtner, 2016), Indonesia (Koulakov et al., 2016), Japan (Obayashi et al., 2009), Italy (Gutscher et al., 2016), Mariana (Miller et al., 2006) and South America (Hu & Liu, 2016).…”

“…Slab tearing predicts a north‐to‐south propagation of rifting as tearing initiates at the northern tip of subducting Indian slab and migrates southward. This model is mainly based on the significant lateral variations observed across the underthrusting Indian lithospheric slab by geophysical observation (Y. Chen et al., 2015; Duan et al., 2017; J. T. Li & Song, 2018; Z. Liu et al., 2020; Pei et al., 2016; Si et al., 2019; G. Wang et al., 2017; C. L. Wu et al., 2019; Xiao et al., 2007) and the spatiotemporal consistency among rift systems and Miocene ultrapotassic rocks (X. Y. Guo et al., 2018; Z. F. Guo & Wilson, 2019; Hou et al., 2006; R. Wang et al., 2015, 2021; Yan et al., 2019). In contrast, slab underthrusting predicts a south‐to‐north propagation of rift initiation or acceleration in response to the northward insertion of a tapering Indian slab beneath southern Tibet (DeCelles et al., 2002; Lee et al., 2011; Styron et al., 2015).…”

“…Wang et al, 2015R. Wang et al, , 2021Yan et al, 2019). In contrast, slab underthrusting predicts a south-to-north propagation of rift initiation or acceleration in response to the northward insertion of a tapering Indian slab beneath southern Tibet (DeCelles et al, 2002;Lee et al, 2011;Styron et al, 2015).…”

Origin of the Miocene Adakitic Rocks and Implication for Tectonic Transition in the Himalayan Orogen: Constraints from Kuday Granitoid Porphyry in Southern Tibet

“…(1) delamination of thickened lithospheric root [26][27][28][29][41][42][43][44], (2) subducted Indian continental slab breakoff [19,20,[28][29][30][31][45][46][47] or rollback [38,48], and (3) slab-tearing of subducted Indian Plate [29,46,49,50].…”