Minorities struggle to advance in academic medicine: A 12-y review of diversity at the highest levels of America's teaching institutions

Yu, Peter T.; Parsa, Pouria; Hassanein, Omar; Rogers, Selwyn O.; Chang, David C.

doi:10.1016/j.jss.2012.06.049

Cited by 161 publications

(136 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…[5912] Southwick in 1999 was one of the first to initiate pioneering efforts to bring African Americans and other minorities into the Yale University Orthopedic Surgical Residency Training Program [Table 1]. [9] In 2013, Yu et al .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discrimination against female surgeons is still alive: Where are the full professorships and chairs of departments?

Epstein¹

2017

Surg Neurol Int

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Background:Although half of all medical students are now and women are increasingly filling surgical residency positions, few ascend the academic ladder to become chairman of their departments, much less full academic professors.Methods:We queried PubMed to search for the number of women surgeons in different subspecialties, and asked how many were chairman or full academic professors?Results:Data coming out of largely general or cardiothoracic surgery departments cited no substantial gains for women surgeons over the years; there were few chairmanships or full professorships. In one study of 54 female cardiothoracic surgeons, 60% of academic appointments were at the instructor or assistant professor level; only 18% were full professors. In another study looking at 12-year data from major academic medical institutions in the US, women constituted only 9.2% of chairs, only 14.7% of full professors, and just 9.3% of deans. In a third study, out of 270 female general surgeons, there were only three who were chairman, and just 12.4% were tenured professors. In Great Britain/Ireland, of 315 neurosurgeons (25 females), all 16 full professors were males. Two medical/surgical series speculated it would take until 2096 or 2136 for females to attain 50% of full professorships. The American Association of Neurological Surgery (U.S. 2017; personal communication) showed that of 287 Board-certified female neurosurgeons, there is just one female surgeons chairman.Conclusions:Few female physicians/surgeons were chairs of departments or full professors at their academic institutions. Do women in medicine/surgery really need to wait until 2136 to achieve equality?

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discrimination against female surgeons is still alive: Where are the full professorships and chairs of departments?

Epstein¹

2017

Surg Neurol Int

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“…However, these physicians are underrepresented in academic medicine and continue to experience both overt and covert prejudices [46,47,51]. Physicians of color are often less satisfied [48], less likely to receive grants [49], less likely to be promoted [50] and more likely to leave academic medicine [51]. They suffer from isolation, lack of mentoring, and racial battle fatigue [46,47].…”

Section: Physicians Of Colormentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple Identities: A Literature Review on the Unique Experiences and Challenges of LGBT Female Physicians of Color

Wong¹,

Tucker²

2018

Fam Med Med Sci Res

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Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) female physicians of color experience an interesting intersectionality of identities. While socially advantaged due to their status as physicians, they are also struck with socially disadvantageous statuses by being female, person of color, and LGBT. These individuals are united by recurring themes of oppression, lack of visibility, perceived inferiority, and of course empowerment. The purpose of this paper is to review the current literature on LGBT female physicians of color and to provide a framework for potential solutions. By increasing the number of LGBT female physicians of color in both the general workforce and positions of leadership, the patient-physician relationship can be strengthened, improving healthcare outcomes for the underserved. Further, improved physician satisfaction will promote physician wellbeing and longevity and protect against physician burnout.

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“…[8][9][10][11] In the USA, the number of women academic physicians increased between 1997 and 2008, but by 2008 women were still underrepresented in senior academic positions. 7 In the UK, there was a similar increase in the number and percentage of women clinical academics between 2004 and 2012, but, in 2012, just 28% of all clinical academics were women and only 16% of professors were women. 12 A US study found that only 17.5% of editorial board members are women 11 and women are less likely to be senior authors in peerreviewed British journals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…It is also well recognised that, at least in the USA and Europe, women are underrepresented in clinical academic posts and in leadership positions in academic medicine. [5][6][7] In addition to the concerns about the underrepresentation of women, other concerns in the UK include the fact that the clinical academic workforce is ageing with possible shortfalls in its succession; the possibility of a reduction in numbers of medical students taking intercalated degrees (science degrees taken during the years of study for the medical degree); immigration restrictions on academics from outside the European Union; and the lack of flexible working patterns that might otherwise encourage more women into clinical academia. [8][9][10][11] In the USA, the number of women academic physicians increased between 1997 and 2008, but by 2008 women were still underrepresented in senior academic positions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Demographic characteristics of doctors who intend to follow clinical academic careers: UK national questionnaire surveys

Smith

Lambert

Goldacre

2014

Postgraduate Medical Journal

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ObjectivesIt is well recognised that women are underrepresented in clinical academic posts. Our aim was to determine which of a number of characteristics—notably gender, but also ethnicity, possession of an intercalated degree, medical school attended, choice of specialty—were predictive of doctors’ intentions to follow clinical academic careers.DesignQuestionnaires to all UK-trained medical graduates of 2005 sent in 2006 and again in 2010, graduates of 2009 in 2010 and graduates of 2012 in 2013.ResultsAt the end of their first year of medical work, 13.5% (368/2732) of men and 7.3% (358/4891) of women specified that they intended to apply for a clinical academic training post; and 6.0% (172/2873) of men and 2.2% (111/5044) of women specified that they intended to pursue clinical academic medicine as their eventual career. A higher percentage of Asian (4.8%) than White doctors (3.3%) wanted a long-term career as a clinical academic, as did a higher percentage of doctors who did an intercalated degree (5.6%) than others (2.2%) and a higher percentage of Oxbridge graduates (8.1%) than others (2.8%). Of the graduates of 2005, only 30% of those who in 2006 intended a clinical medicine career also did so when re-surveyed in 2010 (men 44%, women 12%).ConclusionsThere are noteworthy differences by gender and other demographic factors in doctors’ intentions to pursue academic training and careers. The gap between men and women in aspirations for a clinical academic career is present as early as the first year after qualification.

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Minorities struggle to advance in academic medicine: A 12-y review of diversity at the highest levels of America's teaching institutions

Cited by 161 publications

References 12 publications

Discrimination against female surgeons is still alive: Where are the full professorships and chairs of departments?

Discrimination against female surgeons is still alive: Where are the full professorships and chairs of departments?

Multiple Identities: A Literature Review on the Unique Experiences and Challenges of LGBT Female Physicians of Color

Demographic characteristics of doctors who intend to follow clinical academic careers: UK national questionnaire surveys

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